Fig. 1. (a) 3D schematic of the designed meta-atom. (b) Top view of the DSM patch in 2D. (c) Top view of the gold patch in 2D

Fig. 2. (a) Simulated reflectance spectral amplitude and phase of 8 cell parameters of gold patches at x-polarized incidence. (b) 8 meta-atoms covering a 2π phase range at 45°intervals under linearly polarized wave incidence. (E_F = 6 meV)

Fig. 3. Selected 16 meta-atoms in a 2-bit phase-modulated gold patch structure in x-polarization and y-polarization

Fig. 4. (a) Simulated reflectance spectral amplitude and phase of 8 cell parameters of DSMs patch at x-polarized incidence. (b) 8 meta-atoms covering a 2π phase range at 45° intervals under linearly polarized wave incidence. (E_F = 80 meV)

Fig. 5. Selected 16 meta-atoms in the 2-bit phase-modulated DSMs patch structure in x- and y-polarizations

Fig. 6. (a, e) Vortex phase distributions for l = −2 with l = 1. (b, f) Phase distribution of gradients varying along the y-axis as well as the x-axis. (c, g) Reflection coding map under LCP wave and RCP wave incidence. (d, h) 3D far-field map under LCP wave and RCP wave incidence. (i, j) 2D maps under the incidence of LCP wave and RCP wave. (k, l) Vortex phases under incidence of LCP wave and RCP wave. (E_F = 6 meV)

Fig. 7. (a, e) Reflection coding map under LCP wave and RCP wave incidence. (b, f) 3D far-field map under LCP wave and RCP wave incidence. (c, g) 2D maps under the incidence of LCP wave and RCP wave. (d, h) Vortex phases under incidence of LCP wave and RCP wave. (E_F = 80 meV)