Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of proposed broadband terahertz absorber with dual-control adjustable property based on graphene-VO₂ metamaterial. (a) Three-dimensional schematic of proposed absorber; (b) structure schematic of absorber unit

Fig. 2. Simulation results of transmittance T, reflectance R, and absorbance A when Fermi energy level of graphene μ_c=0.6 eV and conductivity of VO₂σVO2=2×10⁵ S/m

Fig. 3. Comparison of simulated electric field distributions at each frequency. (a) 2 THz; (b) 3 THz; (c) 3.5 THz

Fig. 4. Simulated absorption spectra of broadband absorber for different polarization angle φ and incident angle θ. (a) Absorption curves under different polarization angles φ; (b) absorption curves for different incident angle θ under TE polarization; (c) absorption curves for different incident angle θ under TM polarization

Fig. 5. Simulated absorptance curves of broadband absorber for different thickness of Topas h_Topas

Fig. 6. Simulated absorbance of proposed metamaterial absorber for different Fermi energy level μ_c of graphene under conductivity of VO₂σVO2=2×10⁵ S/m

Fig. 7. Simulated transmittance of proposed metamaterial absorber for different Fermi energy level μ_c of graphene under conductivity of VO₂σVO2=10 S/m

Fig. 8. Simulated absorptance of proposed metamaterial absorber for different conductivity of VO₂σVO2 under the graphene Fermi energy level μ_c=0.6 eV

Fig. 9. Simulated absorptance of proposed metamaterial absorber for different conductivity of VO₂σVO2 under graphene Fermi energy level μ_c=0 eV

Fig. 10. Simulated absorptance of proposed metamaterial absorber for different graphene Fermi energy level μ_c and conductivity of VO₂σVO2

Fig. 11. Side views of electric field distributions for different conductivity of VO₂ and graphene Fermi energy level μ_c at 2 THz.