Via numerical simulation and experiment, a two-dimensional transient model of laser polishing (LP) is established to simulate the surface-morphological evolution of materials during LP. A moving laser-beam heat source with the combined effects of capillary and thermocapillary forces is adopted, and the flow and temperature fields are also coupled. The simulated-model surface and the actual examined material surface are constructed by performing spectrum analysis. The simulated results show that under the effects of capillary and thermocapillary forces, the peak material flows to the trough and fills the contour hollow on the polished material surface, achieving the polishing effect. The laser power and scanning speed significantly affect the polishing results. A low-heat input leads to a small molten pool, resulting in a poor polishing effect with insufficient flow time; excessive heat input results in a molten pool with a long duration of time, which increases the LP surface roughness. Compared with the experimental results, the simulated surface roughness and the depth of the molten pool have an error of less than 8%, reaching a high simulation accuracy.