Fig. 1. Schematic of neighborhood extraction

Fig. 2. Background model of Vibe

Fig. 3. Flow chart of the algorithm

Fig. 4. Foreground detection. (a) Detection result of model 1; (b) detection area of model 2

Fig. 5. Outdoor target detection effects of all algorithms. (a)(f) Original image sequences; (b)(g) results of frame difference method; (c)(h) results of Gaussian mixture model method; (d)(i) results of Vibe method; (e)(j) results of improved method

Fig. 6. Comparison of the shadow experimental results. (a) Original image sequence; (b) Vibe method; (c) improved method

Fig. 7. Comparison of the ghost experimental results. (a) Original image of 427th frame; (d) original image of 525th frame; (b)(e) results of Vibe method; (c)(f) results of improved method