Fig. 1. Workflow of ACMPR method

Fig. 2. Lensfree diffraction models and diffraction intensity images of the initial plane. (a) Inline diffraction model; (b) tilted illumination model; (c) sample tilt model; (d) sample tilt model under the tilted illumination; (e)‒(h) diffraction intensity images of the initial planes in each model

Fig. 3. Comparison of image registration methods. (a) Ground truth; (b) reconstruction result under the inline system; (c) feature points selected by the SIFT method; (d) calibrated result using SIFT method; (e) calibrated result using cross-correlation method; (f) error curves; (g) reconstruction result using APR method; (h) reconstruction result using APR and SIFT-based calibration; (i) reconstruction result using APR and cross-correlation-based calibration

Fig. 4. Estimation of diffraction distance and tilt angle, and reconstruction results. (a)‒(d) Auto-focusing results of initial plane under each model; (e)‒(g) joint search results of auto-focusing methods; (h)‒(j) corresponding reconstruction results

Fig. 5. Experimental setup and diffraction intensity patterns. (a)(b) Experimental setup; (c) diffraction fringes of the initial plane; (d) diffraction fringes of the fifth plane under the inline system; (e) diffraction fringes of the fifth plane under tilted illumination

Fig. 6. Calibrated results of resolution target. (a)(b) Initial plane diffraction intensity image and auto-focusing result under the inline system; (c)(d) initial plane diffraction intensity image and auto-focusing result under the system with errors; (e) joint search result

Fig. 7. Reconstructed results of resolution target. (a) Reconstruction results under the inline system; (b) reconstruction results error-containing data using the APR method; (c) reconstruction results of error-containing data using the ACC method; (d) reconstruction results of error-containing data using the ACMPR method

Fig. 8. Calibration and reconstruction results of human pancreatic cancer tissue. (a)(b) Initial plane diffraction intensity image and auto-focusing result under the system with errors; (c) joint search result; (d) reconstruction result under the inline system; (e) reconstruction result using the APR method with error-containing data; (f) reconstruction result using the ACC method with error-containing data; (g) reconstruction result using the ACMPR method with error-containing data

Fig. 9. Calibration and reconstruction results of label-free human osteosarcoma tissue. (a) Initial plane diffraction intensity image under the system with errors; (b) joint search result; (c) reconstruction result using the APR method with error-containing data; (d) reconstruction result under the in line system; (e) reconstruction result using the ACC method with error-containing data; (f) reconstruction result using the ACMPR method with error-containing data