Fig. 1. Laser-tissue interactions^[28]. (a) Laser-tissue interaction mechanisms; (b) biological tissues absorption spectra and typical medical lasers in clinical surgery

Fig. 2. Existing CO₂ laser energy delivering mediums and their applications in clinical surgery^{[32, 82-83]}

Fig. 3. Clinical promising flexible CO₂ laser fibers fabrication strategies. (a) Hollow waveguides and their fabrication strategy; (b) polycrystalline fibers and their fabrication strategy; (c) multimaterial fibers and their fabrication strategy, P is polymer and G is glass, scale bar is 200 μm

Fig. 4. Flexible multifunctional CO₂ laser ablation robotic fibers