[1] L. Thylén, L. Wosinski. Integrated photonics in the 21st century. Photonics Res., 2, 75-81(2014).

[2] M. K. Smit. Past and future of InP-based photonic integration. LEOS 2008-21st Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 51-52(2008).

[3] S. Shekhar, W. Bogaerts, L. Chrostowski. Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics. Nat. Commun., 15, 751(2024).

[4] M. Streshinsky, R. Ding, Y. Liu. The road to affordable, large-scale silicon photonics. Opt. Photonics News, 24, 32-39(2013).

[5] R. Soref. The past, present, and future of silicon photonics. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 12, 1678-1687(2007).

[6] W. Bogaerts, D. Pérez, J. Capmany. Programmable photonic circuits. Nature, 586, 207-216(2020).

[7] N. C. Harris, D. Bunandar, M. Pant. Large-scale quantum photonic circuits in silicon. Nanophotonics, 5, 456-468(2016).

[8] J. Notaros, J. Mower, M. Heuck. Programmable dispersion on a photonic integrated circuit for classical and quantum applications. Opt. Express, 25, 21275-21285(2017).

[9] C. Taballione, T. A. W. Wolterink, J. Lugani. 8 × 8 reconfigurable quantum photonic processor based on silicon nitride waveguides. Opt. Express, 27, 26842-26857(2019).

[10] Y. Xie, Z. Geng, L. Zhuang. Programmable optical processor chips: toward photonic RF filters with DSP-level flexibility and MHz-band selectivity. Nanophotonics, 7, 421-454(2017).

[11] A. Annoni, Z. Geng, L. Zhuang. Unscrambling light—automatically undoing strong mixing between modes. Light Sci. Appl., 6, e17110(2017).

[12] D. Pérez, I. Gasulla, J. Capmany. Field-programmable photonic arrays. Opt. Express, 26, 27265-27278(2018).

[13] D. Perez, I. Gasulla, J. Capmany. Reconfigurable lattice mesh designs for programmable photonic processors. Opt. Express, 24, 12093-12106(2016).

[14] D. A. B. Miller. Establishing optimal wave communication channels automatically. J. Lightwave Technol., 31, 3987-3994(2013).

[15] X. Cao, S. Zheng, Y. Long. Mesh-structure-enabled programmable multitask photonic signal processor on a silicon chip. ACS Photonics, 7, 2658-2675(2020).

[16] Y. Shen, N. C. Harris, S. Skirlo. Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits. Nat. Photonics, 11, 441-446(2017).

[17] N. C. Harris, J. Carolan, D. Bunandar. Linear programmable nanophotonic processors. Optica, 5, 1623-1631(2018).

[18] D. A. Miller. Self-configuring universal linear optical component. Photonics Res., 1, 1-15(2013).

[19] I. A. Williamson, T. W. Hughes, M. Minkov. Reprogrammable electro-optic nonlinear activation functions for optical neural networks. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., 26, 7700412(2019).

[20] M. J. R. Heck. Highly integrated optical phased arrays: photonic integrated circuits for optical beam shaping and beam steering. Nanophotonics, 6, 93-107(2017).

[21] D. Pérez-López, A. Gutierrez, D. Sánchez. General-purpose programmable photonic processor for advanced radiofrequency applications. Nat. Commun., 15, 1563(2024).

[22] K. Van Acoleyen, E. Ryckeboer, W. Bogaerts. Efficient light collection and direction-of-arrival estimation using a photonic integrated circuit. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 24, 933-935(2012).

[23] D. A. Miller. Self-aligning universal beam coupler. Opt. Express, 21, 6360-6370(2013).

[24] E. Luan, H. Shoman, D. M. Ratner. Silicon photonic biosensors using label-free detection. Sensors, 18, 3519(2018).

[25] A. Z. Subramanian, E. Ryckeboer, A. Dhakal. Silicon and silicon nitride photonic circuits for spectroscopic sensing on-a-chip. Photonics Res., 3, B47-B59(2015).

[26] Y. Li, J. Zhu, M. Duperron. Six-beam homodyne laser Doppler vibrometry based on silicon photonics technology. Opt. Express, 26, 3638-3645(2018).

[27] S. Pai, T. Park, M. Ball. Experimental evaluation of digitally verifiable photonic computing for blockchain and cryptocurrency. Optica, 10, 552-560(2023).

[28] A. Ribeiro, A. Ruocco, L. Vanacker. Demonstration of a 4 × 4-port universal linear circuit. Optica, 3, 1348-1357(2016).

[29] D. Zheng, J. D. Doménech, W. Pan. Low-loss broadband 5 × 5 non-blocking Si₃N₄ optical switch matrix. Opt. Lett., 44, 2629-2632(2019).

[30] D. Pérez, I. Gasulla, L. Crudgington. Multipurpose silicon photonics signal processor core. Nat. Commun., 8, 636(2017).

[31] L. Zhuang, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, M. Hoekman. Programmable photonic signal processor chip for radiofrequency applications. Optica, 2, 854-859(2015).

[32] J. Carolan, C. Harrold, C. Sparrow. Universal linear optics. Science, 349, 711-716(2015).

[33] B. Peng, S. Hua, Z. Su. A 64 × 64 integrated photonic accelerator. 2022 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), 1-2(2022).

[34] Z. Zhao, T. S. Y. Chen, Y. Han. Automatic configuration of programmable photonic digital circuits based on genetic algorithms. Proc. SPIE, 12600, 1260015(2023).

[35] A. López, D. Pérez, P. DasMahapatra. Auto-routing algorithm for field-programmable photonic gate arrays. Opt. Express, 28, 737-752(2020).

[36] X. Chen, P. Stroobant, M. Pickavet. Graph representations for programmable photonic circuits. J. Lightwave Technol., 38, 4009-4018(2020).

[37] Z. Gao, X. Chen, Z. Zhang. Automatic realization of light processing functions for programmable photonics. 2022 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), 1-2(2022).

[38] Z. Gao, X. Chen, Z. Zhang. Automatic synthesis of light-processing functions for programmable photonics: theory and realization. Photonics Res., 11, 643-658(2023).

[39] A. Lucas. Ising formulations of many NP problems. Front. Phys., 2, 5(2014).

[40] A. Shekaari, M. Jafari. Theory and simulation of the Ising model. arXiv(2021).

[41] G. F. Newell, E. W. Montroll. On the theory of the Ising model of ferromagnetism. Rev. Mod. Phys., 25, 353-389(1953).

[42] D. Markthaler, K. P. Birke. Analytic free-energy expression for the 2D-Ising model and perspectives for battery modeling. Batteries, 9, 489(2023).

[43] S. Sakaguchi, Y. Okuno. Optimizing material compositions using an Ising model-based annealing method. TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 597-606(2025).

[44] D. Sornette. Physics and financial economics (1776–2014): puzzles, Ising and agent-based models. Rep. Prog. Phys., 77, 062001(2014).

[45] W. Yue, T. Zhang, Z. Jing. A scalable universal Ising machine based on interaction-centric storage and compute-in-memory. Nat. Electron., 7, 904-913(2024).

[46] T. Inagaki, K. Inaba, R. Hamerly. Large-scale Ising spin network based on degenerate optical parametric oscillators. Nat. Photonics, 10, 415-419(2016).

[47] Q. Cen, H. Ding, T. Hao. Large-scale coherent Ising machine based on optoelectronic parametric oscillator. Light Sci. Appl., 11, 333(2022).

[48] N. T. Shaked, S. Messika, S. Dolev. Optical solution for bounded NP-complete problems. Appl. Opt., 46, 711-724(2007).

[49] S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, M. P. Vecchi. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science, 220, 671-680(1983).

[50] T. Honjo, T. Sonobe, K. Inaba. 100,000-spin coherent Ising machine. Sci. Adv., 7, eabh0952(2021).

[51] T. Inagaki, Y. Haribara, K. Igarashi. A coherent Ising machine for 2000-node optimization problems. Science, 354, 603-606(2016).

[52] P. L. McMahon, A. Marandi, Y. Haribara. A fully programmable 100-spin coherent Ising machine with all-to-all connections. Science, 354, 614-617(2016).

[53] Y. Sakai, K. Hukushima. Dynamics of one-dimensional Ising model without detailed balance condition. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 82, 064003(2013).

[54] D. Zhang. Exact solution for three-dimensional Ising model. Symmetry, 13, 1837(2021).

[55] N. Mohseni, P. L. McMahon, T. Byrnes. Ising machines as hardware solvers of combinatorial optimization problems. Nat. Rev. Phys., 4, 363-379(2022).

[56] F. Barahona. On the computational complexity of Ising spin glass models. J. Phys. A Math. General, 15, 3241(1982).

[57] A. Masood, M. Pantouvaki, G. Lepage. Comparison of heater architectures for thermal control of silicon photonic circuits. 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 83-84(2013).

[58] J. Van Campenhout, W. M. J. Green, S. Assefa. Integrated NiSi waveguide heaters for CMOS-compatible silicon thermo-optic devices. Opt. Lett., 35, 1013-1015(2010).

[59] S. Zhao, L. Lu, L. Zhou. 16 × 16 silicon Mach–Zehnder interferometer switch actuated with waveguide microheaters. Photonics Res., 4, 202-207(2016).

[60] M. Ayodele. Penalty weights in QUBO formulations: permutation problems. European Conference on Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization (Part of EvoStar), 159-174(2022).

[61] L. Carroll, J. S. Lee, C. Scarcella. Photonic packaging: transforming silicon photonic integrated circuits into photonic devices. Appl. Sci., 6, 426(2016).

[62] X. Meng, G. Zhang, N. Shi. Compact optical convolution processing unit based on multimode interference. Nat. Commun., 14, 3000(2023).

[63] X. Meng, N. Shi, G. Zhang. High-integrated photonic tensor core utilizing high-dimensional lightwave and microwave multidomain multiplexing. Light Sci. Appl., 14, 27(2025).

[64] X. Xu, M. Tan, B. Corcoran. 11 TOPS photonic convolutional accelerator for optical neural networks. Nature, 589, 44-51(2021).

[65] J. Feldmann, N. Youngblood, M. Karpov. Parallel convolutional processing using an integrated photonic tensor core. Nature, 589, 52-58(2021).

[66] N. P. Jouppi, C. Young, N. Patil. In-datacenter performance analysis of a tensor processing unit. Proceedings of the 44th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 1-12(2017).

[67] T. Leleu, Y. Yamamoto, S. Utsunomiya. Combinatorial optimization using dynamical phase transitions in driven-dissipative systems. Phys. Rev. E, 95, 022118(2017).

[68] NVIDIA A100 Tensor Core GPU architecture, 1, 82(2020).

[69] I. Boureima, M. Bhattarai, M. E. Eren. Distributed out-of-memory SVD on CPU/GPU architectures. 2022 IEEE HiCgh Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC), 1-8(2022).

[70] Z. Wang, A. Marandi, K. Wen. Coherent Ising machine based on degenerate optical parametric oscillators. Phys. Rev. A, 88, 063853(2013).

[71] F. Böhm, T. V. Vaerenbergh, G. Verschaffelt. Order-of-magnitude differences in computational performance of analog Ising machines induced by the choice of nonlinearity. Commun. Phys., 4, 149(2021).

[72] X. Fang, L. Yang. Thermal effect analysis of silicon microring optical switch for on-chip interconnect. J. Semicond., 38, 104004(2017).