Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 48, Issue 19, 1906001(2021)
Recent Progress in Photonic Reservoir Neural Network
Figures & Tables(21)
![Curves of nonlinear functions[19]. (a) Tanh function; (b) steady state power transfer function of SOA](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 2. Curves of nonlinear functions[19]. (a) Tanh function; (b) steady state power transfer function of SOA
Fig. 13. Error rate versus total input power for different injection scenarios[50]
Fig. 17. Delay-based photonic reservoir with optical input layer used for channel equalization[57]
Table 1. Performance comparison among parallel optical reservoirs
View tableTable 1. Performance comparison among parallel optical reservoirs
Institute Publication time Implementation Node type Nonlinearity mechanism Optical delay Reservoir size Benchmark testing Input signal power Simulation/ experiment Ghent University [ 19 ]2008 All-optical SOAs SOA gain saturation Delay between nodes is 6.25 ps 25 Signal classification of triangular wave and rectangular wave, error rate (ER) is 2.5% 5 mW Simulation Ghent University [ 20 ]2011 All-optical SOAs SOA gain saturation Delay between nodes is 6.25 ps 81 Speech recognition,ER is 4.5% - Simulation University of Athens [ 22 ]2013 All-optical InGaAsP/InP MRRs Nonlinearity in MRRs Delay between nodes is 50 fs to 4.5 ps 25 Digital word classification, ER is 0.1% for 3 bit signal, ER is 0.5% for 8 bit signal 10 mW Simulation Ghent University [ 21 ,30 ]2014 All-optical Waveguides Nonlinear photoelectric conversion in detectors Delay between nodes is 280 ps 16 Boolean XOR task,bit error rate (BER) is 0.01%; 5-bit header recognition 15 mW Experiment 2019 Nonlinear channel equalization in single-wavelength metro and high-speed short-reach links,BER is <0.2% Simulation Ghent University [ 31 ]2014 All-optical Nanophotonic crystal cavities - - 200 Signal generation task,normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) is 0.03 - Simulation Ghent University [ 23 ]2018 All-optical Single photonic crystal cavity Nonlinear photoelectric conversion in detectors Q-factor of photonic crystal cavity is 16400 6 (output layer) Boolean tasks,BER is <0.1%; 6-bit header recognition, BER is <0.1% 1 mW Simulation Universite Paris Saclay & Universite de Lorraine [ 32 ]2018 All-optical Silicon MRRs Nonlinearity in MRRs - 16 Boolean XOR task, BER is 0.025% 2.4 mW Simulation University Bourgogne Franche- Comté [ 25 ]2018 Optoelectronic Pixels of SLM, interconnected by diffraction Filtering by polarizing beam splitter - 900 (output layer) Mackey-Glass chaotic time serie prediction, NRMSE is 0.042 - Experiment Sorbonne University [ 27 ]2020 Optoelectronic Pixels of SLM, interconnected by scattering Nonlinear photoelectric conversion in detectors - 4096 M-G chaotic time serie prediction - Experiment The Aerospace Corporation [ 29 ]2020 Optoelectronic Pixels of SLM, interconnected by mode interference Nonlinear photoelectric conversion in detectors - 200 (output layer) Speaker identification, accuracy is 98.1% - Simulation Speaker identification, accuracy is 81.5% Experiment University of Athens [ 33 ]2021 All-optical MRRs Nonlinear conversion of phase modulated inputs to amplitude modulated outputs in MRRs Delay between nodes is 3 ps to 8 ps 30 Dispersion compensation of PAM-4 signal, BER is <0.1% - Simulation
Table 2. Performance comparison among delay-based optical reservoirs
View tableTable 2. Performance comparison among delay-based optical reservoirs
Institute Publication time Implementation Node type Nonlinearity mechanism Optical delay Reservoir size Benchmark testing Input signal power Simulation/ experiment Universite Bourgogne Franche- Comte [ 18 ]2012 Optoelectronic MZM Electro-optic nonlinearity of MZM Delay time of feedback loop is 20.9 μs 400 Spoken digit recognition, ER is < 0.5%; Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction, normalized mean squared error (NMSE) is 0.124 - Experiment Université Libre de Bruxelles [ 14 ]2012 Optoelectronic MZM Electro-optic nonlinearity of MZM Delay time is 8.5 μs 50 Nonlinear channel equalization; signal classification of square wave and sine wave, NMSE is 0.0015 - Simulation 200 Speech recognition, ER is 0.4% Université Libre de Bruxelles [ 36 ]2012 All-optical SOA SOA gain saturation Delay time is 7.9 μs 50 Spoken digit recognition, ER is 3% - Experiment Campus Universitat de les Illes Balears [ 37 ]2013 All-optical Semiconductor laser Nonlinearity of laser with optical injection and feedback Delay time is 77.6 ns 388 Spoken digit recognition, ER is 0.014%; speaker identification, ER is 0.88%; Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction, ER is 5.5% <15 μW Experiment Universite Libre de Bruxelles [ 46 ]2014 All-optical Semiconductor saturable absorber mirror Saturable absorption of semiconductor Delay time is 8.0073 μs 50 Nonlinear channel equalization, signal prediction - Experiment 200 Speech recognition, ER is 2.6% Universite Libre de Bruxelles [ 47 ]2015 All-optical Passive fiber cavity Nonlinear photoelectric conversion in detector Delay time is 1.13 μs 50 Equalization of standardized nonlinear multipath RF channel,for SNRs of more than 28 dB,symbol error rate is zero; spoken digit recognition <0.57 mW Experiment University of Saitama [ 38 ]2016 All-optical Semiconductor laser Nonlinearity of laser with optical injection and feedback Delay time is 40.1 ns 400 Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction,NMSE is 0.008 - Simulation Institute Publication time Implementation Node type Nonlinearity mechanism Optical delay Reservoir size Benchmark testing Input signal power Simulation/ experiment Dalian University of Technology [ 42 ]2017 Optoelectronic MZM Electro-optic nonlinearity of MZM Delay time is 9.7 ns 400 6-bit header recognition, the lowest ER is 1.25% 7 dBm, input voltage amplitude is < 2 V Experiment Universite Paris Saclay & Universite de Lorraine [ 39 ]2018 All-optical VCSEL Nonlinearity of laser with optical injection and feedback; polarization mode coupling Delay time is 0.64 ns 32 Nonlinear channel equalization,BER is 0.001% 0.08 mW Simulation Delay time is 8 ns 400 Santa Fe chaotic time series prediction,NMSE is 10-3 0.7 mW Southwest University [ 43 ]2018 All-optical Two mutually delay coupled semiconductor lasers Nonlinearity of laser with optical injection and feedback Delay time is 2 ns 200 Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction,NMSE is 5.1×10-5; signal classification of sine wave and square wave, NMSE is 5.5×10-4 - Simulation Xidian University [ 44 ]2019 All-optical Semiconductor nanolaser Delay time is 0.1 ns 100 Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction, the lowest NMSE is 0.036 - Simulation Université Libre de Bruxelles [ 48 ]2019 All-optical Single quantum cascade laser Nonlinearity of laser with optical feedback Delay time is 4 ns 200 Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction, NMSE is 0.006; nonlinear channel equalization, ER is 0.1% - Simulation
Table 3. Performance comparison among serial-parallel optical reservoirs
View tableTable 3. Performance comparison among serial-parallel optical reservoirs
Institute Publication time Implementation Node type Multiplexing Nonlinearity mechanism Optical delay Reservoir size Benchmark testing Simulation/ experiment Vrije Universiteit Brussel [ 52 ]2015 All-optical Semiconductor ring laser (SRL) Two directional optical modes (CW and CCW) in SRL Nonlinearity of laser with optical injection and feedback - - Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction, NMSE(CW) is 0.031, NMSE(CCW) is 0.040; equalization of a wireless communication channel, BER(CW) is 0.14%, BER(CCW) is 0.15% Simulation Xidian University [ 53 ]2019 All-optical VCSEL Two polarization- resolved modes in VCSEL Delay time is 0.5 ns 50 Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction; signal classification of sine wave, square wave and triangular wave Simulation Southwest University [ 54 ]2021 Optoelectronic Semiconductor lasers Two serial reservoirs are connected in parallel - 100 Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction, NMSE is 0.007, processing speed is faster than that of single serial reservoir Simulation NTT [ 56 ]2021 All-optical Passive cavities on chip Several serial reservoirs are connected in parallel Nonlinear photoelectric conversion in detectors Delay time is (290+20)× l ps, l is cavity number 512 Santa Fe chaotic time serie prediction, NMSE is 0.06; image classification based on MNIST, accuracy is 91.3% Experiment Wavelength division multiplexing Image classification, accuracies are comparable to those of single wavelength experiments University of West Attica [ 15 ]2021 All-optical F-P laser 8 longitudinal modes in F-P laser Delay time is 1 ns 50 Nonlinear channel equalization of PAM-4 25 Gbaud signals, different tasks can be processed in parallel Simulation
Tools
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Lingyan Yang, Lin Zhang. Recent Progress in Photonic Reservoir Neural Network[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2021, 48(19): 1906001
Paper Information
Category: fiber optics and optical communications
Received: Jul. 21, 2021
Accepted: Sep. 2, 2021
Published Online: Sep. 28, 2021
The Author Email: Lin Zhang (lin_zhang@tju.edu.cn)
© Copyright 2018-2021 | Chinese Laser Press.
All Rights Reserved 沪ICP备15018463号-20