Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 59, Issue 1, 0100004(2022)
Application of Thulium-Doped Laser in the Biomedicine Field
Figures & Tables(10)
![Comparison of suture results of continuous and modulated thulium-doped laser tissue under different powers and operation time [21]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 2. Comparison of suture results of continuous and modulated thulium-doped laser tissue under different powers and operation time [21]
Fig. 4. Cross-sections of vein tissues before and after surgery. (a) Cross-section of tissue before surgery; (b) rough diagram of tissue cross-section with output power of 3 W; (c) rough diagram tissue cross-section with output power of 1.5 W; (d) tissue cross-section with output power of 4 W; (e) detail view of tissue cross-section with output power of 3 W; (f) detail view of tissue cross-section with output power of 1.5 W[39]
Fig. 5. Lithotripsy efficiency when pulse energy of Tm-doped laser is 35 mJ[29]. (a) Relationship between pulse frequency and lithotripsy efficiency; (b) relationship between pulse frequency and crushing stone repulsion distance
Fig. 6. Comparison of lithotripsy efficiency between thulium-doped laser and holmium-doped laser with the same laser parameters [31]
Table 1. Tm-doped laser biomedical experiment
View tableTable 1. Tm-doped laser biomedical experiment
Year Gain medium Wavelength /μm Mode Average power /W Single pulse energy Frequency /Hz Pulse width Operation Material Reference 1999 Thulium fiber 1.88‒2.033 CW 5 Tissue ablation Chicken breast ［ 7 ］2003 Tm∶YAG 2.013 CW 10‒60 Tissue ablation Porcine liver ［ 26 ］2003 Thulium fiber 1.99 CW /modulation 0.2 100‒1.7×104 150‒900 ns Tissue ablation Chicken breast，lamb liver，and cartilage ［ 27 ］2007 Tm∶YAG 2.013 CW 4 Tissue ablation Excised calf larynges ［ 28 ］2010 Tm∶YAG 2 CW 15 Tissue ablation Porcine abdominal ［ 6 ］2011 Thulium fiber 1.908 CW /modulation 35‒175 mJ 10‒400 500 μs Lithotripsy COM ［ 29 ］2011 Tm∶YAP 1.98 CW 0.2 Tissue ablation Wistar rat brain tissue ［ 30 ］2014 Thulium fiber 1.908 CW /modulation 35 mJ 150‒500 500 μs Lithotripsy COM ［ 31 ］2014 Tm∶YAG 1.94 CW /modulation 1000 0.4‒1.4 ms Tissue ablation Porcine kidney ［ 32 ］2015 LiYF4∶Tm 1.885 CW 2.8‒3 Endovenous laser ablation Great saphenous veins ［ 33 ］2016 Thulium fiber 1.94 CW /modulation 9.5 100‒1000 40 μs‒2 s Lithotripsy COM ［ 34 ］2016 Thulium fiber 1.942 CW /modulation 0.4‒2 105 160‒400 ns Tissue ablation Chicken breast ， porcine spinal cord［ 35 ］2016 Thulium fiber 1.94 CW /modulation 0.2‒0.8 Tissue ablation Lamb liver ［ 11 ］2017 Thulium fiber 1.94 CW Lithotripsy COM ［ 31 ］2018 Tm∶YAG 2 CW 1‒7 Endoscopic third ventriculostomy Gelatin ［ 36 ］2018 Tm∶YAG 2 CW 60 Tissue cutting Bones ［ 37 ］2018 Thulium fiber 1.94 CW /modulation 60‒90 Tissue ablation Dog prostate ［ 38 ］2019 LiYF4∶Tm 1.91 CW 3‒4 Endovenous laser ablation Saphenous veins ［ 39 ］2018 Thulium fiber 1.92 CW 4 Endovenous laser ablation Great saphenous veins ［ 40 ］2019 Thulium fiber 1.94 CW/modulation 10‒32 0.2‒0.4 J 50‒80 0.5‒1 ns Lithotripsy COM ［ 41 ］2019 Thulium fiber 1.94 CW 0.4‒0.6 Tissue ablation Wistar rat brain tissue ［ 42 ］2020 Thulium fiber 1.94 CW/modulation 14‒36 30 500‒1000 μs Tissue cutting Porcine kidney ［ 43 ］2020 Thulium fiber 1.94 CW/modulation 0.4‒0.6 Tissue ablation Wistar rat brain tissue ［ 44 ］
Table 2. Clinical application of thulium-doped laser
View tableTable 2. Clinical application of thulium-doped laser
Year Light source Wavelength /μm Laser power /W Operation Cases Reference 2006 Revolix 2.013 4 Microlaryngeal 74 ［ 24 ］2009 Revolix 2 70/120 Benign prostatic hyperplasia 56 ［ 45 ］2011 Revolix 2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia 36 ［ 46 ］2012 Revolix 2 8‒15 Neuroendoscopic intraventricular 44 ［ 47 ］2012 Revolix 2.013 4 Dissection of laryngeal soft tissue 45 ［ 48 ］2013 Quanta system 2.01 40 Pulmonary lobectomy 40 ［ 49 ］2013 Revolix 2.013 1‒7 Removal of intracranial meningiomas 20 ［ 50 ］2014 Revolix 2.013 7‒19 Oral squamous cell carcinomas 42 ［ 25 ］2014 Vela XL 1.94 3‒9 Endovenous laser ablation 55 ［ 23 ］2016 Revolix 1.9 120 Benign prostatic hyperplasia 81 ［ 51 ］2016 Medilaser DMC1.94 3‒7 Endovenous laser ablation 37 ［ 52 ］2016 IPG 1.94 Endovenous laser ablation 138 ［ 53 ］2017 Tianjin Tiankun 2 70/120 Benign prostatic hyperplasia 248 ［ 54 ］2017 Revolix 2 40‒50 Partial nephrectomy 60 ［ 55 ］2018 Revolix 2 120 Benign prostatic hyperplasia 60 ［ 56 ］2018 Revolix 2 1‒7 Endoscopic third ventriculostomy 106 ［ 36 ］2019 Unknown 1.94 4 Endovenous laser ablation 89 ［ 57 ］2019 IPG 1.94 10‒50 Lithotripsy 268 ［ 22 ］
Table 3. Experimental results of continuous and Q-switched lasers on chicken breast and sheep liver [27]
View tableTable 3. Experimental results of continuous and Q-switched lasers on chicken breast and sheep liver [27]
Tissue Type of laser Average power /mW Time /s Hole depth /μm Affected zone width /μm Chicken breast CW 150 20 39 800 Q-switch（100 Hz） 150 20 100 160 Sheep liver CW 140 30 100 400 Q-switch（1 kHz） 140 30 200 120
Table 4. Comparison of different frequencies of Tm-doped laser and Ho-doped laser, laser working time, operating time, and salt water temperature [67]
View tableTable 4. Comparison of different frequencies of Tm-doped laser and Ho-doped laser, laser working time, operating time, and salt water temperature [67]
Laser Frequency /Hz Laser time /s Peak temperature /℃ Operation time /s Ho∶YAG 6 167±41 24±1 207±50 Tm∶YAG 150 111±49 33±3 116±54 300 39±11 33±7 54±22 500 23±4 39±6 60±22
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Anjun Zhang, Jialin Duan, Yingbin Xing, Jinyan Li. Application of Thulium-Doped Laser in the Biomedicine Field[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2022, 59(1): 0100004
Paper Information
Category: Reviews
Received: Mar. 19, 2021
Accepted: Apr. 22, 2021
Published Online: Dec. 23, 2021
The Author Email: Jialin Duan (duanjialin0413@163.com), Jinyan Li (ljy@hust.edu.cn)
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