Fig. 1. Diagram of wire deformation (a) and its details under a microscope (b)

Fig. 2. Maximum temperature evolutions under various pulse lengths and duty factor

Fig. 3. Comparison of the temperature simulations between this work and other studies(a) Compared to Institute of High Energy Physics simulation, (b) Compared to Rutherford Appleton Laboratory simulation

Fig. 4. Temperature test experiment layout at the ion source platform

Fig. 5. Wire deformation observed in the ion source heating experiment (a) The wire deformation shot by Infrared camera, (b) Wire deformation

Fig. 6. Emissivity of 40 µm diameter tungsten wires as a function of temperature^[26]

Fig. 7. Temperature evolution of the wire by numerical simulation under the heating experiment condition

Fig. 8. SEY of proton in gold under various incident energy levels

Fig. 9. Simulation curves of temperature evolution of the wire in HFRS (a) Proton, (b) ²³⁸U³⁵⁺

Fig. 10. Diagram of multiwire design in HFRS (a) Ceramic circuit board-based welding detector, (b) Ceramic circuit board-based tensioning detector, (c) Mechanical design of the multiwires