Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 55, Issue 2, 020009(2018)

Review on Low Light Level Remote Sensing Imaging Technology

Shiming Xiang1、*, Xuewu Fan1, Na He1, and Zhe Bai1
Author Affiliations
  • 1 Xi'an Institute of Applied Optics, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
  • 1 Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
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    Figures & Tables(21)
    (a) Visible and (b) infrared images of human hand and house lizard
    Typical vision characteristic curves of human eyes[2]
    CCD array map of full-color remote sensing camera
    Three typical video frequency devices. (a) ICCD; (b) EBCCD; (c) EMCCD
    System diagram for testing ICCD performances
    Overall layout of performance test system for projector-type ICCD
    Effect of ICCD stitching accuracy on remote sensing images
    Schematic of general performance test for low light level remote sensing and simulation system
    Three types of couple methods comparison of low light level tube/CCD
    Performance comparison of the low light level night vision technology in all generations
    Gauss h(λ) curves in color area
    Effect of fuzzy inversion algorithm for dynamic image from remote sensing camera. (a) Fuzzy image; (b) clear image
    Schematic of remote sensing camera stray light test
    Schematic of 3D imaging principle of remote sensing radar
    Spectral distribution of underwater optical transmittance
    Principle diagram of γ-ray position sensitive detector with wedge array anodes
    • Table 1. Noise level comparison between CCD and ICCD at room temperature

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      Table 1. Noise level comparison between CCD and ICCD at room temperature

      DeviceSubstrate materialDark current /(A·cm-2)Number of noise electrons in a pixel of 10 μm×10 μm
      CCD cameraSi10-7-10-86.3×103-6.3×102
      ICCD photocathodeSb-K-Na-Cs, GaAs10-15-10-136.3×10-3-6.3×10-1
    • Table 2. Vision judge rank and their signal-to-noise ratio

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      Table 2. Vision judge rank and their signal-to-noise ratio

      Vision judge rank for signal-to-noise ratio12345
      Uncertainty of vision judge3.173×10-14.55×10-22.7×10-36×10-56×10-7
    • Table 3. Performance of ICCD, EBCCD, and EMCCD

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      Table 3. Performance of ICCD, EBCCD, and EMCCD

      DeviceTypeFeatureComprehensive grade
      ICCDIntensifier/fiber optics /CCDTight structure, easy to made, medium K level2A
      EBCCDPhotocathode/electro-optic system /CCDHigh electronic gain, high K level, complexfabrication process, high priceA
      EMCCDCCD with electron-avalanche multiplicationHigh electronic gain, high thermalnoise level, low resolutionB
    • Table 4. Performance parameters of line array CCD of DALSA company

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      Table 4. Performance parameters of line array CCD of DALSA company

      ParameterValue
      Resolution512/1024/2048/4096 (new)
      Image element size /(μm×μm)14×14, 7×7 (new)
      Sensitive area size /mm7.2/14.4/28.7/57 (new)
      Max frame frequency /kHz73/37.8/19.2
      Data frequency /MHz40
      Sensitivity /(V·μJ·cm-2)43.7
      Dynamic range1820∶1
      Pack construction24-foot DIP
      Work temperature /℃≤60
      Number markIL-P3-1024
    • Table 5. Photon Poisson noise, thermal noise of photocathode and CCD, and CCD transfer noise in images of 1 pixel, 1000 pixels and 19×1000 pixels

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      Table 5. Photon Poisson noise, thermal noise of photocathode and CCD, and CCD transfer noise in images of 1 pixel, 1000 pixels and 19×1000 pixels

      ParameterPoissonnoiseThermal noiseof photocathodeThermal noiseof CCDCCD transfer noiseof 1 pixel imageCCD transfer noiseof 1000 pixels imageCCD transfer noise of19×1000 pixels image
      Value1.61×1036.3×10-16.3×1031021051.9×106
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    Shiming Xiang, Xuewu Fan, Na He, Zhe Bai. Review on Low Light Level Remote Sensing Imaging Technology[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2018, 55(2): 020009

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    Paper Information

    Category: General

    Received: Jun. 2, 2017

    Accepted: --

    Published Online: Sep. 10, 2018

    The Author Email: Shiming Xiang (xshiming2003@aliyun.com)

    DOI:10.3788/LOP55.020009

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