Fig. 1. Schematics of measurement principle of single-particle photothermal effect

Fig. 2. Schematics of the experiment set-up

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic of photothermal lens phenomena; (b) Schematic illustration of the photothermal measurement of a nanoparticle in liquid microspace

Fig. 4. Monitored signals for the trace turbid solution of 80 nm polystyrene particles. The expectation values were (a) 8.7×10^-4 , (b) 1.8×10^-4, and (c) 3.6×10^-5, (d) Ultrapure water (blank)

Fig. 5. (a) Schematics of the experiment set-up; (b) photothermal images of 5 nm gold nanoparticles in a few tens of nanometers thick polyvinyl alcohold film on a glass substrate

Fig. 6. (a) Experiment Schematics of photothermal heterodyne imaging method; (b) photothermal imaging of isolated 5 nm Au nanoparticles; (c) photothermal image of isolated 1.4 nm Au nanoparticle

Fig. 7. Photothermal images of 28 nm gold nanoparticles recorded in different media
(b): Water; (c): Silicone oil; (d): 5CB at 23 ℃; (e): 5CB at 31 ℃

Fig. 8. (a) Photothermal correlation curves obtained from 10 nm biotin monofunctionalized nanoparticles(left) and upon mixture with streptavidin. Solid lines represent theoretical fits using eq 2; (b) Photothermal curves from bare and CALNN-coated gold nanoparicles. CALNN is a 5 amino-acid long peptide

Fig. 9. Experimental setup of photothermal heterodyne holography