Fig. 1. Laser-CMT hybrid welding. (a) Equipment; (b) schematic

Fig. 2. Schematic of projection area measurement of droplet

Fig. 3. Weld surface morphologies under different welding methods. (a) I=40 A, P=1500 W; (b) I=80 A, P=1500 W

Fig. 4. Weld cross sections under different welding methods. (a) Laser; (b) CMT; (c) laser-CMT

Fig. 5. Droplet transition processes under different welding methods. (a) CMT; (b) laser-CMT

Fig. 6. Brightness curves of droplet transition processes under different welding methods

Fig. 7. Transfer period distribution of droplets under different welding methods

Fig. 8. Effect of laser power on droplet transition in laser-CMT welding process

Fig. 9. Molten pool shapes under different laser powers. (a) 1500 W; (b) 2500 W

Fig. 10. Effects of laser power on droplet transition under different laser wavelengths

Fig. 11. Fiber-laser-CMT hybrid welding process

Fig. 12. Change rate of transition frequency of droplet versus current under different laser wavelengths

Fig. 13. Spectral measurement data of CO₂ laser plasma

Fig. 14. Boltzmann graph of plasma

Fig. 15. Temperature change of laser plasma under different wavelengths

Fig. 16. High speed camera shooting of keyhole eruption by lasers with different laser wavelengths. (a) CO₂ laser; (b) fiber laser