Fig. 1. Experimental optical path of wide-field polarization-modulated imaging system

Fig. 2. Model of PSF obtained during polarization-modulated imaging stage

Fig. 3. Dataset for experiments

Fig. 4. Comparison of original and polarimetric images. (a) Original image; (b) sin δ image; (c) φ image

Fig. 5. Comparison of original and polarimetric images. (a)(d) Original images; (b)(e) sin δ images; (c)(f) φ images

Fig. 6. Comparison of polarimetric and FDTD-simulated images. (a) sin δ image; (b) φ image; (c) simulated sin δ image; (d) simulated φ image

Fig. 7. Light-intensity profiles of particle along tangent direction. (a) Original image; (b) polarimetric image; (c) light-intensity change of all pixel points in origin image; (d) light-intensity change of all pixel points in polarimetric image; (e) light-intensity change of particle pixel points in origin image; (f) light-intensity change of particle pixel points in polarimetric image

Fig. 8. Images of Stokes parameters. (a)--(d) Images of S₀, S₁, S₂, and S₃ parameters; (e)--(h) one particle extracted from images of S₀, S₁, S₂, and S₃ parameters at same place; (i)--(l) images of S₀, S₁, S₂, and S₃ parameters obtained from FDTD simulations

Fig. 9. PSF models of polarization-modulated imaging results. (a)--(c) Non-optimized PSF models of original image of sample to be tested, sin δ image, and φ image; (d)--(f) optimized PSF models of original image, sin δ image, and φ image

Fig. 10. Comparison of reconstruction effects of sin δ images by proposed method. (a)(d)(f) Original sin δ images; (b)(e)(g) optimized results by proposed method; (c) image difference between Fig. 10(a) and Fig. 10(b)

Fig. 11. Comparison of reconstruction effects of φ images by proposed method. (a)(d)(f) Original φ images; (b)(e)(g) results of variable exponential optimization; (c) image difference between Fig. 11(a) and Fig. 11(b)

Fig. 12. Comparison of imaging effects among proposed method, TV regularization, and Tikhonov regularization

Fig. 13. PSF models of polarization-modulated imaging results of polyethylene spheres. (a) PSF model of non-optimized sin δ image of sample to be tested; (b) PSF model of non-optimized φ image of sample to be tested; (c) PSF model of optimized sin δ image; (d) PSF model of optimized φ image

Fig. 14. Reconstruction effects of sin δ image by proposed method. (a)(c)(e) Original sin δ image; (b)(d)(f) optimized results by proposed method

Fig. 15. Reconstruction effects of φ image by proposed method. (a)(c)(e) Original φ images; (b)(d)(f) optimized results by proposed method

Fig. 16. Comparison of imaging effects among proposed method, TV regularization, and Tikhonov regularization