Fig. 1. POM images of DIO in different phases (scale bar is 150 μm)

Fig. 2. Experimental materials and devices. (a) Molecular structure of ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal DIO; (b) liquid crystal cell structure; (c) experimental light path

Fig. 3. Simulation results of electric field distributions. (a) Horizontally applied electric field; (b) vertically applied electric field; (c) simultaneously applied electric fields with equal strength in both horizontal and vertical directions

Fig. 4. POM images of DIO response (temperature T=65 ℃, and scale bar is 20 μm). (a) Without applying voltage; (b) under 40 V DC voltage; (c) under 40 V DC voltage and 70 V pulse voltage

Fig. 5. DIO transmittance intensity response and pulse voltage waveforms (left axis corresponds to 70 V pulse voltage waveform and right axis represents transmitted light intensity at 65 ℃, 40 V DC voltage and 70 V pulse voltage

Fig. 6. Response waveforms and response time of DIO device as functions of DC voltage, pulse voltage, and temperature. (a)(d) Response waveforms and time under UDC=36, 38, 40, 42 V at 65 ℃ and 70 V pulse voltage; (b)(e) response waveforms and time under Upulse=55, 60, 65, 70 V at 65 ℃ and 40 V DC voltage; (c)(f) response waveforms and time under T=40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 ℃ at 40 V DC voltage and 70 V pulse voltage