Fig. 1. Algorithm flowchart for laser full link transmission from the atmosphere to the air‒sea interface and into the seawater

Fig. 2. Influence of complex refractive index of atmospheric aerosol particles on atmospheric optical coefficients. (a) Real part of complex refractive index; (b) imaginary part of complex refractive index

Fig. 3. Influence of mass concentration of phytoplankton and non-pigment suspended particle in seawater on the optical coefficients of seawater. (a) Mass concentration of phytoplankton; (b) mass concentration of non-pigment suspended particles

Fig. 4. Influence of laser wavelength on optical coefficients of atmosphere and seawater. (a) Atmosphere; (b) seawater

Fig. 5. Distribution of propagation trajectories of successfully received photons at different atmospheric and underwater transmission distances. (a) 50 m in the atmosphere and 20 m under water; (b) 50 m in the atmosphere and 10 m under water; (c) 100 m in the atmosphere and 20 m under water

Fig. 6. Propagation trajectories of single photon. (a) 3D-view; (b) YOZ view; (c) XOY view

Fig. 7. Energy flow distribution of successfully received photons at different atmospheric and underwater transmission distances. (a) 50 m in the atmosphere and 20 m under water; (b) 50 m in the atmosphere and 10 m under water; (c) 100 m in the atmosphere and 20 m under water

Fig. 8. Effect of transmission distance on normalized received power. (a) Different atmospheric transmission distances; (b) different underwater transmission distances

Fig. 9. Influence of wind speed on transmission characteristics. (a) Influence of wind speed on photon transmittance and photon deflection angle; (b) influence of wind speed on normalized received power

Fig. 10. Influence of laser beam waist radius and receiver receiving radius on normalized received power. (a) Beam waist radius; (b) receiving radius