[1] et alQuantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor. Nature, 606, 75-81(2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x

[2] et alSatellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers. Science, 356, 1140-1144(2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan3211

[3] et alChip-to-chip quantum teleportation and multi-photon entanglement in silicon. Nat. Phys., 16, 148-153(2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0727-x

[4] et alError-protected qubits in a silicon photonic chip. Nat. Phys., 17, 1137-1143(2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-021-01333-w

[5] et alMultidimensional quantum entanglement with large-scale integrated optics. Science, 360, 285-291(2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7053

[6] et alGeneration and sampling of quantum states of light in a silicon chip. Nat. Phys., 15, 925-929(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0567-8

[7] et alProgrammable four-photon graph states on a silicon chip. Nat. Commun., 10, 3528(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11489-y

[8] et alExperimental multiphase estimation on a chip. Optica, 6, 288-295(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.000288

[9] et alEnhanced sensitivity of the ligo gravitational wave detector by using squeezed states of light. Nat. Photonics, 7, 613-619(2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.177

[10] et alDirect characterization of linear-optical networks. Opt. Express, 21, 13450-13458(2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.013450

[11] et alAdvances in quantum cryptography. Adv. Opt. Photonics, 12, 1012-1236(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.361502

[12] Quantum internet: a vision for the road ahead. Science, 362, eaam9288(2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9288

[13] et alQuantum repeaters: from quantum networks to the quantum internet. Rev. Mod. Phys., 95, 045006(2023). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.045006

[14] A single quantum cannot be cloned. Nature, 299, 802-803(1982). https://doi.org/10.1038/299802a0

[15] All-photonic quantum repeaters. Nat. Commun., 6, 6787(2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7787

[16] et alExperimental quantum repeater without quantum memory. Nat. Photonics, 13, 644-648(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0468-5

[17] Quantum-enhanced measurements: beating the standard quantum limit. Science, 306, 1330-1336(2004). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104149

[18] Quantum sensing. Rev. Mod. Phys., 89, 035002(2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.89.035002

[19] et alQuantum sensors for biomedical applications. Nat. Rev. Phys., 5, 157-169(2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-023-00558-3

[20] et alNoisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms. Rev. Mod. Phys., 94, 015004(2022). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.94.015004

[21] Photonic quantum simulators. Nat. Phys., 8, 285-291(2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2253

[22] et alLarge-scale silicon quantum photonics implementing arbitrary two-qubit processing. Nat. Photonics, 12, 534-539(2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0236-y

[23] et alSolving graph problems using Gaussian boson sampling. Phys. Rev. Lett., 130, 190601(2023). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.190601

[24] et alScalable temporal multiplexing of telecom photons via thin-film lithium niobate photonics. NPJ Quantum Inform., 11, 21(2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-024-00929-3

[25] et alTemporal multiplexing of heralded photons based on thin film lithium niobate photonics, FM1K–6(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_FS.2024.FM1K.6

[26] Enhancement of a silicon waveguide single photon source by temporal multiplexing. Quantum Sci. Technol., 7, 025025(2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac57f2

[27] et alTunable and efficient ultraviolet generation with periodically poled lithium niobate. Opt. Lett., 48, 3917-3920(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.491528

[28] et alReduced material loss in thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. APL Photonics, 7, 081301(2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0095146

[29] et alDynamic strain modulation of a nanowire quantum dot compatible with a thin-film lithium niobate photonic platform. ACS Photonics, 10, 3691-3699(2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00821

[30] et alIntegrated photonics based on rare-earth ion-doped thin-film lithium niobate. Laser Photonics Rev., 16, 2200059(2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202200059

[31] et alBroadband waveguide quantum memory for entangled photons. Nature, 469, 512-515(2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09719

[32] Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging platform for integrated quantum photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater., 9, 2100789(2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202100789

[33] et alIntegrated photonic quantum technologies. Nat. Photonics, 14, 273-284(2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0532-1

[34] et alIntegrated photonics in quantum technologies. La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, 46, 71-103(2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-023-00040-x

[35] et alThe aflow library of crystallographic prototypes: part 1. Comput. Mater. Sci., 136, S1-S828(2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.01.017

[36] Lithium niobate: summary of physical properties and crystal structure. Appl. Phys. A, 37, 191-203(1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00614817

[37] et alAbsolute scale of second-order nonlinear-optical coefficients. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 14, 2268-2294(1997). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.14.002268

[38] Photonic applications of lithium niobate crystals. phys. stat. sol. (a), 201, 253-283(2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200303911

[39] et alComparison of the electro-optic coefficient r₃₃ in well-defined phases of proton exchanged LiNbO₃ waveguides. Appl. Phys. B, 73, 485-488(2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s003400100711

[40] Depth profiling of the d₃₃ nonlinear coefficient in annealed proton exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides. Appl. Phys. Lett., 62, 2012-2014(1993). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.109519

[41] Fabrication of ridge waveguide in X-cut LiNbO3 for nonlinear optic applications. Proc. SPIE, 8173, 81730W(2011). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.898374

[42] et alUltra-smooth LiNbO3 micro and nano structures for photonic applications. Microelectron. Eng., 88, 2417-2419(2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.02.024

[43] et alEtching characteristics of LiNbO3 in reactive ion etching and inductively coupled plasma. J. Appl. Phys., 103, 034109(2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2838180

[44] A study on titanium diffusion into LiNbO3 waveguides by electron probe analysis and X-ray diffraction methods. J. Mater. Sci., 13, 523-533(1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541802

[45] Analysis of titanium diffused planar optical waveguides in lithium niobate. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 20, 149-159(1984). https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1984.1072366

[46] Waveguides in single-crystal lithium niobate thin film by proton exchange. Opt. Express, 23, 1240-1248(2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.001240

[47] et alSoft proton exchange on periodically poled LiNbO3: a simple waveguide fabrication process for highly efficient nonlinear interactions. Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 1089-1091(2000). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.125948

[48] et alShort-period domain patterning by ion beam irradiation in lithium niobate waveguides produced by soft proton exchange. Opt. Laser Technol., 158, 108813(2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108813

[49] et alCreation of periodical domain structure by local polarization reversal in planar waveguide produced by soft proton exchange in LiNbO3. J. Adv. Dielectr., 13, 2350020(2023). https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010135X23500200

[50] et alAdvances in lithium niobate photonics: development status and perspectives. Adv. Photonics, 4, 034003(2022). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.AP.4.3.034003

[51] et alQuantum photonics at telecom wavelengths based on lithium niobate waveguides. J. Opt., 18, 104001(2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/10/104001

[52] et alDeep anisotropic LiNbO3 etching with SF6/Ar inductively coupled plasmas. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 30, 011208(2012). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.3674282

[53] et alFabrication of single-crystal lithium niobate films by crystal ion slicing. Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 2293-2295(1998). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.121801

[54] Optical and electro-optical properties of submicrometer lithium niobate slab waveguides prepared by crystal ion slicing and wafer bonding. Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 4603-4605(2004). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1819527

[55] Process for the production of thin semiconductor material films(1994).

[56] Crystal ion-slicing of single-crystal films(1998).

[57] et alLithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) for micro-photonic devices. Laser Photonics Rev., 6, 488-503(2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201100035

[58] et alTowards nonlinear photonic wires in lithium niobate. Proc. SPIE, 7604, 76040R(2010). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.842674

[59] et alOn-chip erbium-doped lithium niobate microring lasers. Opt. Lett., 46, 3275-3278(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.425178

[60] et alNonlinear optical properties of lithium niobate crystals doped with alkaline earth and rare earth elements. Opt. Mater., 131, 112631(2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112631

[61] et alErbium doping of lithium niobate on insulator using low-temperature ion exchange. Opt. Mater. Express, 14, 157-167(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.500099

[62] et alIntegrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages. Nature, 562, 101-104(2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y

[63] et alNanophotonic lithium niobate electro-optic modulators. Opt. Express, 26, 1547-1555(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.001547

[64] et alHigh-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbit s⁻¹ and beyond. Nat. Photonics, 13, 359-364(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0378-6

[65] et alBreaking voltage–bandwidth limits in integrated lithium niobate modulators using micro-structured electrodes. Optica, 8, 357-363(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.416155

[66] et alDual-polarization thin-film lithium niobate in-phase quadrature modulators for terabit-per-second transmission. Optica, 9, 61-62(2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.449691

[67] et alIntegrated electro-optics on thin-film lithium niobate. Nat. Rev. Phys., 7, 237-254(2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-025-00825-5

[68] et alThin-film lithium-niobate electro-optic platform for spectrally tailored dual-comb spectroscopy. Commun. Phys., 5, 88(2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-022-00865-8

[69] et alOn-chip electro-optic frequency shifters and beam splitters. Nature, 599, 587-593(2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03999-x

[70] et alAcousto-optical modulation of thin film lithium niobate waveguide devices. Photonics Res., 7, 1003-1013(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.7.001003

[71] et alAcousto-optic modulation in lithium niobate on sapphire. APL Photonics, 5, 086104(2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0012288

[72] et alIntegrated microwave acousto-optic frequency shifter on thin-film lithium niobate. Opt. Express, 28, 23728-23738(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.397138

[73] et alResonant electro-optic frequency comb. Nature, 568, 378-381(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1110-x

[74] et alBroadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator. Nature, 568, 373-377(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1008-7

[75] et alMonolithic lithium niobate photonic circuits for Kerr frequency comb generation and modulation. Nat. Commun., 10, 978(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08969-6

[76] et alChip-based lithium-niobate frequency combs. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 31, 1894-1897(2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2019.2950567

[77] et alHigh-efficiency and broadband on-chip electro-optic frequency comb generators. Nat. Photonics, 16, 679-685(2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-022-01059-y

[78] et alNear-octave lithium niobate soliton microcomb. Optica, 7, 1275-1278(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.400994

[79] et alTurnkey generation of Kerr soliton microcombs on thin-film lithium niobate on insulator microresonators powered by the photorefractive effect. Opt. Express, 29, 42932-42944(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.446527

[80] et alOn-chip synchronous pumped χ³ optical parametric oscillator on thin-film lithium niobate(2023).

[81] et alHybrid Kerr-electro-optic frequency combs on thin-film lithium niobate(2024).

[82] et alOctave-spanning Kerr soliton frequency combs in dispersion- and dissipation-engineered lithium niobate microresonators. Light: Sci. Appl., 13, 225(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-024-01546-7

[83] et alUltrahigh-efficiency wavelength conversion in nanophotonic periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. Optica, 5, 1438-1441(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001438

[84] et alPeriodically poled thin-film lithium niobate microring resonators with a second-harmonic generation efficiency of 250,000%/W. Optica, 6, 1455-1460(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.001455

[85] et alAdapted poling to break the nonlinear efficiency limit in nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides. Nat. Nanotechnol., 19, 44-50(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01525-w

[86] et alUltrabright quantum photon sources on chip. Phys. Rev. Lett., 125, 263602(2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.263602

[87] et alEfficient bidirectional piezo-optomechanical transduction between microwave and optical frequency. Nat. Commun., 11, 1166(2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14863-3

[88] et alCavity electro-optics in thin-film lithium niobate for efficient microwave-to-optical transduction. Optica, 7, 1714-1720(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.397513

[89] et alCryogenic microwave-to-optical conversion using a triply resonant lithium-niobate-on-sapphire transducer. Optica, 7, 1737-1745(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.397235

[90] et alBidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate. Nat. Commun., 12, 4453(2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24809-y

[91] et alCoherent control of a superconducting qubit using light(2023).

[92] et alChannel waveguides and Y-junctions in X-cut single-crystal lithium niobate thin film. Opt. Express, 23, 29211-29221(2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.029211

[93] Optical properties of titanium-diffused LiNbO3 strip waveguides and their coupling-to-a-fiber characteristics. Appl. Opt., 19, 591-597(1980). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.19.000591

[94] Mode-selective coupler for wavelength multiplexing using LiNbO3: Ti optical waveguides. Central Eur. J. Phys., 6, 588-592(2008). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11534-008-0078-1

[95] et alTwenty-nine million intrinsic Q-factor monolithic microresonators on thin-film lithium niobate. Photonics Res., 12, A63-A68(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.521172

[96] et alUltra-low loss photonic circuits in lithium niobate on insulator. Opt. Express, 26, 897-904(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.000897

[97] et alLithium niobate microring with ultra-high Q factor above 108. Chin. Opt. Lett., 20, 011902(2022). https://doi.org/10.3788/COL202220.011902

[98] et alArgon plasma inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching study for smooth sidewall thin film lithium niobate waveguide application. Opt. Mater., 53, 1-5(2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2015.12.040

[99] et alElectro–optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate. Nat. Photonics, 1, 407-410(2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2007.93

[100] Fabrication of low loss lithium niobate rib waveguides through photoresist reflow. IEEE Photonics J., 14, 6660808(2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2022.3222184

[101] Low-loss waveguides on Y-cut thin film lithium niobate: towards acousto-optic applications. Opt. Express, 27, 9794-9802(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.009794

[102] et alHigh-quality lithium niobate photonic crystal nanocavities. Optica, 4, 1251-1258(2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.001251

[103] et alSelf-starting bi-chromatic LiNbO3 soliton microcomb. Optica, 6, 1138-1144(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.001138

[104] et alAthermal lithium niobate microresonator. Opt. Express, 28, 21682-21691(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.398363

[105] et alLithium niobate photonic-crystal electro-optic modulator. Nat. Commun., 11, 4123(2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17950-7

[106] et alDesign and characterization of High-Q micro-ring resonator using X-cut LNOI, JW2A–133(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_AT.2023.JW2A.133

[107] et alCompact lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits(2023).

[108] et alUltra-compact lithium niobate photonic chip for high-capacity and energy-efficient wavelength-division-multiplexing transmitters. Light: Adv. Manuf., 4, 133-142(2023). https://doi.org/10.37188/lam.2023.013

[109] et alSecond harmonic generation in nano-structured thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. Opt. Express, 25, 6963-6973(2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.006963

[110] et alA comparative study of dry-etching nanophotonic devices on a LiNbO3-on-insulator material platform. Proc. SPIE, 11781, 117810X(2021). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2590415

[111] et alWafer-scale low-loss lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Opt. Express, 28, 24452-24458(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.401959

[112] Dry etching of LiNbO3 using inductively coupled plasma, 1-5(2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/PGC.2010.5706006

[113] et alHighly selective electroplated nickel mask for lithium niobate dry etching. J. Appl. Phys., 105, 094109(2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3125315

[114] et alHigh density lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Nat. Commun., 14, 4856(2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40502-8

[115] et alLow Vπ thin-film lithium niobate modulator fabricated with photolithography. Opt. Express, 29, 6320-6329(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.414250

[116] et al110 GHz CMOS compatible thin film LiNbO3 modulator on silicon. Opt. Express, 24, 15590-15595(2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.015590

[117] et alUltra-low loss ridge waveguides on lithium niobate via argon ion milling and gas clustered ion beam smoothening. Opt. Express, 26, 4421-4430(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.004421

[118] Electro-and thermo-optics response of X-cut thin film LiNbO3 waveguides. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 59, 0600108(2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2023.3234986

[119] The effect of a lithium niobate heating on the etching rate in SF₆ ICP plasma. Mater. Res. Express, 6, 046306(2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aafa9d

[120] et alFabrication of low-loss lithium niobate on insulator waveguides on the wafer scale(2024).

[121] Surface precipitates on single crystal LiNbO3 after dry-etching by CHF₃ plasma. J. Mater. Res., 13, 527-529(1998). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1998.0068

[122] et alGrowth of crystalline LiF on CF4 plasma etched LiNbO3 substrates. J. Cryst. Growth, 187, 573-576(1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00009-8

[123] et alPlasma etching of proton-exchanged lithium niobate. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 24, 1012-1015(2006). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2207150

[124] et alImproving the selected stages of integrated-optic chip structure formation and its interfacing with optical fibers. Int. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. Telecommun., 11, 167-174(2022). https://doi.org/10.18178/ijeetc.11.3.167-174

[125] et alReactive ion etching of X-cut LiNbO3 in an ICP/TCP system for the fabrication of an optical ridge waveguide. Appl. Sci., 13, 2097(2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042097

[126] et alHigh-quality dry etching of LiNbO3 assisted by proton substitution through H²-plasma surface treatment. Nanomaterials, 12, 2836(2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162836

[127] et alRidge structure etching of LiNbO3 crystal for optical waveguide applications. Opt. Mater., 28, 216-220(2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2004.07.023

[128] . Etching of Lithium Niobate: From Ridge Waveguides to Photonic Crystal Structures(2008).

[129] et alLocal periodic poling of ridges and ridge waveguides on X- and Y-cut LiNbO3 and its application for second harmonic generation. Opt. Express, 17, 3923-3928(2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.003923

[130] Analysis and removal of spurious response in SH0 lithium niobate MEMS resonators. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 63, 2066-2073(2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2016.2543742

[131] High Q antisymmetric mode lithium niobate MEMS resonators with spurious mitigation. J. Microelectromech. Syst., 29, 135-143(2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2020.2967784

[132] et alHigh-Q lithium niobate microdisk resonators on a chip for efficient electro-optic modulation. Opt. Express, 23, 23072-23078(2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.023072

[133] et alUltra-low-loss integrated visible photonics using thin-film lithium niobate. Optica, 6, 380-384(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.000380

[134] et alIntegrated lithium niobate microwave photonic processing engine. Nature, 627, 80-87(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07078-9

[135] et alAnalysis of perovskite oxide etching using argon inductively coupled plasmas for photonics applications. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 16, 32(2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-021-03494-2

[136] et alRedeposition-free inductively-coupled plasma etching of lithium niobate for integrated photonics. Nanophotonics, 12, 1601-1611(2023). https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0676

[137] et alExtreme electro-optic tuning of Bragg mirrors integrated in lithium niobate nanowaveguides. Opt. Lett., 43, 1515-1518(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.001515

[138] Optical and structural properties of single-crystal lithium niobate thin film. Opt. Mater., 42, 47-51(2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2014.12.016

[139] Influence of dry-oxygen-annealing on the residual absorption of lithium niobate crystals in the spectral range from 500 to 2900 nanometers. Opt. Mater. Express, 6, 264-269(2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.6.000264

[140] et alFabrication of high-Q lithium niobate microresonators using femtosecond laser micromachining. Sci. Rep., 5, 8072(2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08072

[141] et alUltra-high Q lithium niobate microring monolithically fabricated by photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching. Opt. Express, 31, 31556-31562(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.498086

[142] et alMonolithic ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microring resonator. Optica, 4, 1536-1537(2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.001536

[143] et alMonolithic thin film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator with over 110 GHz bandwidth. Chin. Opt. Lett., 20, 022502(2022). https://doi.org/10.3788/COL202220.022502

[144] et alHigh-Q thin-film lithium niobate microrings fabricated with wet etching. Adv. Mater., 35, 2208113(2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202208113

[145] et alPhotonic microstructures in lithium niobate by potassium hydroxide-assisted ion beam-enhanced etching. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 33, 010601(2015). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4902087

[146] et alFabrication of nanoscale lithium niobate waveguides for second-harmonic generation. Opt. Lett., 40, 2715-2718(2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.40.002715

[147] et alNanostructuring lithium niobate substrates by focused ion beam milling. Opt. Mater., 27, 1421-1425(2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2004.07.016

[148] et alExperimental and theoretical characterization of a lithium niobate photonic crystal. Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 241101(2005). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2138348

[149] Photonic guiding structures in lithium niobate crystals produced by energetic ion beams. J. Appl. Phys., 106, 081101(2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3216517

[150] et alPhotonic crystal structures with ultrahigh aspect ratio in lithium niobate fabricated by focused ion beam milling. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 29, 021205(2011). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.3557027

[151] et alSelf-suspended micro-resonators patterned in Z-cut lithium niobate membranes. Opt. Mater. Express, 5, 2081-2089(2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.5.002081

[152] et alNonlinear lithium niobate metasurfaces for second harmonic generation. Laser Photonics Rev., 15, 2000521(2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202000521

[153] et alHigh aspect ratio lithium niobate ridge waveguides fabricated by optical grade dicing. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 44, 305101(2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/30/305101

[154] et alLithium niobate ridged waveguides with smooth vertical sidewalls fabricated by an ultra-precision cutting method. Opt. Express, 22, 27733-27738(2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.027733

[155] et alLow loss ridge waveguides in lithium niobate thin films by optical grade diamond blade dicing. Opt. Express, 24, 1386-1391(2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.001386

[156] On-chip Solc-type polarization control and wavelength filtering utilizing periodically poled lithium niobate on insulator ridge waveguide. J. Lightwave Technol., 37, 1296-1300(2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2019.2892317

[157] et alLithium niobate micro-disk resonators of quality factors above 10⁷. Opt. Lett., 43, 4116-4119(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.004116

[158] et alFabrication of a multifunctional photonic integrated chip on lithium niobate on insulator using femtosecond laser-assisted chemomechanical polish. Opt. Lett., 44, 4698-4701(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.44.004698

[159] et alChemo-mechanical polish lithography: a pathway to low loss large-scale photonic integration on lithium niobate on insulator. Quantum Eng., 1, e9(2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/que2.9

[160] et alFabrication of crystalline microresonators of high quality factors with a controllable wedge angle on lithium niobate on insulator. Nanomaterials, 9, 1218(2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091218

[161] et alHigh-precision propagation-loss measurement of single-mode optical waveguides on lithium niobate on insulator. Micromachines, 10, 612(2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10090612

[162] et alElectro-optically switchable optical true delay lines of meter-scale lengths fabricated on lithium niobate on insulator using photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching. Chin. Phys. Lett., 37, 084201(2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/37/8/084201

[163] et alAn ultra-high-Q lithium niobate microresonator integrated with a silicon nitride waveguide in the vertical configuration for evanescent light coupling. Micromachines, 12, 235(2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12030235

[164] et alCascaded second-order optical nonlinearities in on-chip micro rings. Opt. Express, 25, 29927-29933(2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.029927

[165] et alScattering-loss reduction of ridge waveguides by sidewall polishing. Opt. Express, 26, 19815-19820(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.019815

[166] et alEdge couplers in silicon photonic integrated circuits: a review. Appl. Sci., 10, 1538(2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041538

[167] et alGrating couplers on silicon photonics: design principles, emerging trends and practical issues. Micromachines, 11, 666(2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11070666

[168] et alEfficient light coupling between an ultra-low loss lithium niobate waveguide and an adiabatically tapered single mode optical fiber. Opt. Express, 28, 12416-12425(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.391228

[169] et alPolarization management on anisotropic thin-film lithium niobate platform. Adv. Photonics Res., 2400206(2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adpr.202400206

[170] et alLow-loss fiber-to-chip interface for lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Opt. Lett., 44, 2314-2317(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.44.002314

[171] et alSilicon nitride assisted tri-layer edge coupler on lithium niobate-on-insulator platform. Opt. Lett., 48, 3367-3370(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.492372

[172] et alEfficient and scalable edge coupler based on silica planar lightwave circuits and lithium niobate thin films. Opt. Laser Technol., 158, 108867(2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108867

[173] et alHigh-efficient coupler for thin-film lithium niobate waveguide devices. Opt. Express, 29, 5397-5406(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.416492

[174] et alHigh-performance and fabrication-tolerant edge coupler on thin film lithium niobate based on a three-dimensional inverse taper. APL Photonics, 9, 116111(2024). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0224269

[175] 3D SOI edge coupler design for high tolerance. AIP Adv., 13, 025365(2023). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0127979

[176] et alHigh-efficiency edge couplers enabled by vertically tapering on lithium-niobate photonic chips. Appl. Phys. Lett., 123, 263502(2023). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0184899

[177] et alHigh-efficiency and easy-processing thin-film lithium niobate edge coupler. Appl. Phys. Lett., 125, 183503(2024). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0233467

[178] et alGrating coupler on lithium niobate thin film waveguide with a metal bottom reflector. Opt. Mater. Express, 7, 4010-4017(2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.7.004010

[179] et alGrating coupler for an on-chip lithium niobate ridge waveguide. IEEE Photonics J., 9, 6600208(2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2630314

[180] et alHigh-efficiency hybrid amorphous silicon grating couplers for sub-micron-sized lithium niobate waveguides. Opt. Express, 26, 29651-29658(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.029651

[181] et alHigh coupling efficiency grating couplers on lithium niobate on insulator. Opt. Express, 27, 17681-17685(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.017681

[182] et alPolarization-independent one-dimensional grating coupler design on hybrid silicon/LNOI platform. Opt. Express, 28, 17113-17121(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.395666

[183] Chirped and apodized grating couplers on lithium niobate thin film. Opt. Mater. Express, 10, 2513-2521(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.402604

[184] et alHigh-efficiency chirped grating couplers on lithium niobate on insulator. Opt. Lett., 45, 6651-6654(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.412902

[185] et alFully etched apodized grating coupler on the SOI platform with −0.58 dB coupling efficiency. Opt. Lett., 39, 5348-5350(2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.005348

[186] A polarization-insensitive a-Si grating coupler on the lithium niobate-on-insulator platform, JTh2A.33(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_AT.2024.JTh2A.33

[187] et alUltra-high efficiency fully-etched grating coupler for transverse magnetic mode with al mirror, JTh2A.211(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_AT.2024.JTh2A.211

[188] et alLow-loss fiber grating coupler on thin film lithium niobate platform. APL Photonics, 7, 076103(2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0093033

[189] et alGrating coupler on single-crystal lithium niobate thin film. Opt. Mater., 72, 136-139(2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2017.05.061

[190] Efficient self-imaging grating couplers on a lithium-niobate-on-insulator platform at near-visible and telecom wavelengths. Opt. Express, 29, 20205-20216(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.428138

[191] et alTwo-dimensional grating coupler on an X-cut lithium niobate thin-film. Opt. Express, 29, 1289-1295(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.413820

[192] et alThermally tunable and efficient second-harmonic generation on thin-film lithium niobate with integrated micro-heater. Opt. Lett., 47, 4921-4924(2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.470867

[193] et alHighly efficient thermo-optic tunable micro-ring resonator based on an LNOI platform. Opt. Lett., 45, 6318-6321(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.410192

[194] et alHigh-bandwidth thermo-optic phase shifters for lithium niobate-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits. Opt. Lett., 47, 4375-4378(2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.469358

[195] A temperature-dependent dispersion equation for congruently grown lithium niobate. Opt. Quant. Electron., 16, 373-375(1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00620081

[196] et alOn-chip tunable quantum interference in a lithium niobate-on-insulator photonic integrated circuit. Quantum Sci. Technol., 9, 035040(2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ad4b98

[197] Nonlinear optics. Springer Handbook of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 1097-1110(2008).

[198] et alHigh-speed thin-film lithium niobate quantum processor driven by a solid-state quantum emitter. Sci. Adv., 9, eadg7268(2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg7268

[199] et alActive temporal multiplexing of indistinguishable heralded single photons. Nat. Commun., 7, 10853(2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10853

[200] High-efficiency single-photon generation via large-scale active time multiplexing. Sci. Adv., 5, eaaw8586(2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw8586

[201] et alFusion-based quantum computation. Nat. Commun., 14, 912(2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36493-1

[202] et alElectro-optic reconfigurable two-mode (de)-multiplexer on thin-film lithium niobate. Opt. Lett., 46, 1001-1004(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.417423

[203] et alOn-chip transverse-mode entangled photon pair source. NPJ Quantum Inform., 5, 2(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-018-0121-z

[204] et alHigh-performance polarization management devices based on thin-film lithium niobate. Light: Sci. Appl., 11, 93(2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-022-00779-8

[205] et alHigh-performance coherent optical modulators based on thin-film lithium niobate platform. Nat. Commun., 11, 3911(2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17806-0

[206] et alIntegrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate. Adv. Opt. Photonics, 13, 242-352(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.411024

[207] et alBreaking voltage–bandwidth limits in integrated lithium niobate modulators using micro-structured electrodes. Optica, 8, 357-363(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.416155

[208] et alDual-polarization thin-film lithium niobate in-phase quadrature modulators for terabit-per-second transmission. Optica, 9, 61-62(2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.449691

[209] et alLong-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution over 100-km fiber with local local oscillator. Sci. Adv., 10, eadi9474(2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi9474

[210] et alFolded thin-film lithium niobate modulator based on a poled Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure. Opt. Lett., 46, 2940-2943(2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.426083

[211] et alFolded heterogeneous silicon and lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder modulators with low drive voltage. Micromachines, 12, 823(2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12070823

[212] et alIntegration of quantum dots with lithium niobate photonics. Appl. Phys. Lett., 113, 221102(2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054865

[213] et alTransfer print techniques for heterogeneous integration of photonic components. Progr. Quantum Electron., 52, 1-17(2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2017.01.001

[214] Heterogeneously integrated photonic chip on lithium niobate thin-film waveguide. Crystals, 11, 1376(2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111376

[215] et alAcoustic modulation of individual nanowire quantum dots integrated into a hybrid thin-film lithium niobate photonic platform. Nano Lett., 24, 12493-12500(2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03402

[216] et alAtomically-thin quantum dots integrated with lithium niobate photonic chips. Opt. Mater. Express, 9, 441-448(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.9.000441

[217] et alWaveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for photonic and ion quantum processors and neuromorphic computing. Radiophys. Quantum Electron., 66, 839-892(2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11141-024-10340-9

[218] et alLithium-niobate-on-insulator waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 116, 151102(2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142852

[219] et alSingle-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits. Nat. Commun., 12, 6847(2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27205-8

[220] et alMolybdenum silicide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors on lithium niobate waveguides. ACS Photonics, 11, 356-361(2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01628

[221] et alHeterogeneously integrated lithium niobate on insulator chip for frequency up-conversion and detection. ACS Photonics, 11, 4111-4115(2024). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00964

[222] et alWavelength-sensitive superconducting single-photon detectors on thin film lithium niobate waveguides. Nano Lett., 23, 9748-9752(2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02324

[223] et alHigh-resolution single photon level storage of telecom light based on thin film lithium niobate photonics. Adv. Quantum Technol., 8, 2300195(2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.202300195

[224] et alAn atomic frequency comb memory in rare-earth-doped thin-film lithium niobate. ACS Photonics, 10, 1104-1109(2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01835

[225] et alTowards a thin-film lithium niobate nanophotonic cavity-enhanced telecom-compatible quantum memory. Proc. SPIE, 13148, 131480A(2024). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3027357

[226] et alScalable generation of multiphoton entangled states by active feed-forward and multiplexing. Phys. Rev. Lett., 129, 150501(2022). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.150501

[227] et alHeralded generation of entanglement with photons(2025).

[228] et alLithium niobate photonics: unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum. Science, 379, eabj4396(2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj4396

[229] . Nonlinear Optical Crystals: A Complete Survey, 43-47(2006).

[230] Absolute measurement of the quadratic nonlinear susceptibility of lithium niobate in waveguides. Opt. Mater. Express, 2, 126-139(2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.2.000126

[231] Simplified characterization of uniaxial and biaxial nonlinear optical crystals: a plea for standardization of nomenclature and conventions. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 28, 2057-2074(1992). https://doi.org/10.1109/3.159516

[232] et alUltrafast second-order nonlinear photonics—from classical physics to non-gaussian quantum dynamics: a tutorial. Adv. Opt. Photonics, 16, 347-538(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.495768

[233] et alInteractions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric. Phys. Rev., 127, 1918-1939(1962). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.127.1918

[234] et alNonlinear and quantum photonics using integrated optical materials. Nat. Rev. Mater., 9, 321-346(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00668-z

[235] et alA waveguide frequency converter connecting rubidium-based quantum memories to the telecom C-band. Nat. Commun., 5, 3376(2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4376

[236] et alQuantum-dot spin–photon entanglement via frequency downconversion to telecom wavelength. Nature, 491, 421-425(2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11577

[237] Efficient conversion between photons and between photon and atom by stimulated emission. Phys. Rev. A, 78, 023819(2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.78.023819

[238] et alFrequency down-conversion of 637 nm light to the telecommunication band for non-classical light emitted from NV centers in diamond. Opt. Express, 22, 11205-11214(2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.011205

[239] Quantum frequency conversion. Opt. Lett., 15, 1476-1478(1990). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.15.001476

[240] Observation of quantum frequency conversion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 2153-2156(1992). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.2153

[241] et alA photonic quantum information interface. Nature, 437, 116-120(2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04009

[242] et alTwo-photon interference using background-free quantum frequency conversion of single photons emitted by an InAs quantum dot. Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, 147405(2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.147405

[243] et alCryogenic nonlinear conversion processes in periodically-poled thin-film lithium niobate waveguides(2024).

[244] Efficient single-photon counting at 1.55  μm by means of frequency upconversion. Opt. Lett., 29, 1449-1451(2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.29.001449

[245] High efficiency single photon detection via frequency up-conversion. J. Mod. Opt., 51, 1433-1445(2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340408235283

[246] et alHighly efficient single-photon detection at communication wavelengths by use of upconversion in reverse-proton-exchanged periodically poled LiNbO3 waveguides. Opt. Lett., 30, 1725-1727(2005). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.30.001725

[247] et alQuantum transduction of telecommunications-band single photons from a quantum dot by frequency upconversion. Nat. Photonics, 4, 786-791(2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.221

[248] et alLong-wavelength-pumped upconversion single-photon detector at 1550 nm: performance and noise analysis. Opt. Express, 19, 21445-21456(2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.021445

[249] et alWide-band quantum interface for visible-to-telecommunication wavelength conversion. Nat. Commun., 2, 537(2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1544

[250] et alVisible-to-telecom quantum frequency conversion of light from a single quantum emitter. Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, 147404(2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.147404

[251] et alDownconversion quantum interface for a single quantum dot spin and 1550-nm single-photon channel. Opt. Express, 20, 27510-27519(2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.027510

[252] et alLow-noise quantum frequency down-conversion of indistinguishable photons. Opt. Express, 24, 22250-22260(2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.022250

[253] et alHighly efficient frequency conversion with bandwidth compression of quantum light. Nat. Commun., 8, 14288(2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14288

[254] et alQuantum frequency conversion of memory-compatible single photons from 606 nm to the telecom C-band. Optica, 5, 507-513(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.000507

[255] et alEntanglement of two quantum memories via fibres over dozens of kilometres. Nature, 578, 240-245(2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1976-7

[256] et alA bright source of telecom single photons based on quantum frequency conversion. Appl. Phys. Lett., 118, 174003(2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0045413

[257] et alA pure and indistinguishable single-photon source at telecommunication wavelength. Adv. Quantum Technol., 5, 2200006(2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.202200006

[258] et alQuantum frequency conversion and single-photon detection with lithium niobate nanophotonic chips. NPJ Quantum Inform., 9, 38(2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-023-00704-w

[259] et alQuantum frequency conversion using 4-port fiber-pigtailed ppln module. Opt. Express, 31, 29271-29279(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.494313

[260] et alUsing temperature to reduce noise in quantum frequency conversion. Opt. Lett., 43, 2034-2037(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.002034

[261] et alHeralded single excitation of atomic ensemble via solid-state-based telecom photon detection. Optica, 3, 1279-1284(2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.3.001279

[262] Erasing distinguishability using quantum frequency up-conversion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, 173901(2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.173901

[263] Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference. Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 2044-2046(1987). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2044

[264] Theory of high-efficiency sum-frequency generation for single-photon waveform conversion. Phys. Rev. A, 91, 033809(2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.91.033809

[265] A quantum pulse gate based on spectrally engineered sum frequency generation. Opt. Express, 19, 13770-13778(2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.013770

[266] et alTemporal-mode measurement tomography of a quantum pulse gate. Phys. Rev. A, 96, 063817(2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.96.063817

[267] et alRealization of a multi-output quantum pulse gate for decoding high-dimensional temporal modes of single-photon states. PRX Quantum, 4, 020306(2023). https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.020306

[268] Deterministic reshaping of single-photon spectra using cross-phase modulation. Sci. Adv., 2, e1501223(2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501223

[269] et alPhase shaping of single-photon wave packets. Nat. Photonics, 3, 469-472(2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.115

[270] et alBandwidth manipulation of quantum light by an electro-optic time lens. Nat. Photonics, 11, 53-57(2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.228

[271] et alSpectral control of nonclassical light pulses using an integrated thin-film lithium niobate modulator. Light: Sci. Appl., 11, 327(2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-022-01029-7

[272] Nonlinear domain engineering for quantum technologies. Appl. Phys. Rev., 12, 011318(2025). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0223013

[273] et alA versatile source of single photons for quantum information processing. Nat. Commun., 4, 1818(2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2838

[274] et alPPLN waveguide for quantum communication. Eur. Phys. J. D, 18, 155-160(2002). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e20020019

[275] et alHighly efficient heralded single-photon source for telecom wavelengths based on a PPLN waveguide. Opt. Express, 24, 23992-24001(2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.023992

[276] et alGeneration of broadband correlated photon-pairs in short thin-film lithium-niobate waveguides. Opt. Express, 27, 38521-38531(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.038521

[277] et alEfficient parametric frequency conversion in lithium niobate nanophotonic chips. OSA Contin., 2, 2914-2924(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.2.002914

[278] et alHigh quality entangled photon pair generation in periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. Phys. Rev. Lett., 124, 163603(2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.163603

[279] et alUltrabroadband entangled photons on a nanophotonic chip. Phys. Rev. Lett., 127, 183601(2021). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.183601

[280] et alUltrabright multiplexed energy-time-entangled photon generation from lithium niobate on insulator chip. Phys. Rev. Appl., 15, 064059(2021). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.064059

[281] et alSpectrally separable photon-pair generation in dispersion engineered thin-film lithium niobate. Opt. Lett., 47, 2830-2833(2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.456873

[282] et alScalable, fiber-compatible lithium-niobate-on-insulator micro-waveguides for efficient nonlinear photonics. Optica, 10, 688-693(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.489383

[283] et alHigh-efficiency on-chip quantum photon source in modal phase-matched lithium niobate nanowaveguide. Laser Photonics Rev., 19, 2400782(2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202400782

[284] et alEfficient photon-pair generation in layer-poled lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguides. Light: Sci. Appl., 13, 282(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-024-01645-5

[285] et alHighly efficient visible and near-IR photon pair generation with thin-film lithium niobate. Optica Quantum, 2, 103-109(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICAQ.507526

[286] et alUltra-broadband non-degenerate guided-wave bi-photon source in the near and mid-infrared(2024).

[287] et alIntegrated, bright broadband, two-colour parametric down-conversion source. Opt. Express, 32, 23945-23955(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.522549

[288] et alGeneration of broadband polarization-orthogonal photon pairs via the dispersion-engineered thin-film lithium niobate waveguide. Chin. Phys. B, 33, 110301(2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ad757c

[289] et alModal phase-matching in thin-film lithium niobate waveguides for efficient generation of entangled photon pairs. Opt. Express, 32, 40629-40639(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.539105

[290] et alNear-ideal spontaneous photon sources in silicon quantum photonics. Nat. Commun., 11, 2505(2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16187-8

[291] A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum computing. Nature, 641, 876-883(2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08820-7

[292] et alGeneration of squeezed states by parametric down conversion. Phys. Rev. Lett., 57, 2520-2523(1986). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2520

[293] et alQuantum sensing with squeezed light. ACS Photonics, 6, 1307-1318(2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00250

[294] et alImaging with quantum states of light. Nat. Rev. Phys., 1, 367-380(2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-019-0056-0

[295] et alAmplitude squeezing by means of quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in a lithium niobate waveguide. Opt. Lett., 22, 1497-1499(1997). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.22.001497

[296] et alSqueezing in a LiNbO3 integrated optical waveguide circuit. Opt. Express, 10, 177-182(2002). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.10.000177

[297] et alChip-based squeezing at a telecom wavelength. Photonics Res., 7, A36-A39(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.7.000A36

[298] et alResonant lithium niobate waveguide squeezer for optical networks, FM5B–3(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/FIO.2023.FM5B.3

[299] et alEfficient homodyne measurement of picosecond squeezed pulses with pulse shaping technique. Opt. Lett., 36, 4653-4655(2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.36.004653

[300] et alContinuous-wave 6-dB-squeezed light with 2.5-THz-bandwidth from single-mode PPLN waveguide. APL Photonics, 5, 036104(2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142437

[301] et alQuantum light from a whispering-gallery-mode disk resonator. Phys. Rev. Lett., 106, 113901(2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.113901

[302] et alUltra-broadband quadrature squeezing with thin-film lithium niobate nanophotonics. Opt. Lett., 47, 1506-1509(2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.447695

[303] et alPicosecond pulsed squeezing in thin-film lithium niobate strip-loaded waveguides at telecommunication wavelengths. J. Phys.: Photonics, 4, 035002(2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac80e2

[304] et alFew-cycle vacuum squeezing in nanophotonics. Science, 377, 1333-1337(2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo6213

[305] et alDemonstration of a squeezed light source on thin-film lithium niobate with modal phase matching(2024).

[306] et alCryogenic electro-optic polarisation conversion in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. Opt. Express, 28, 28961-28968(2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.399818

[307] A traveling-wave-utype LiNbO3 optical modulator with superconducting electrodes. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 47, 1201-1205(1999). https://doi.org/10.1109/22.775458

[308] et alBragg gratings in thin-film LiNbO3 waveguides. Opt. Express, 25, 32323-32332(2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.032323

[309] et alCryogenic feedforward of a photonic quantum state(2024).

[310] How good must single photon sources and detectors be for efficient linear optical quantum computation?. Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 060502(2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.060502

[311] et alClassical interfaces for controlling cryogenic quantum computing technologies(2025).

[312] et alHigh-efficiency single-photon source above the loss-tolerant threshold for efficient linear optical quantum computing. Nat. Photonics, 19, 387-391(2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01639-8

[313] et alBoson sampling with 20 input photons and a 60-mode interferometer in a 10¹⁴-dimensional Hilbert space. Phys. Rev. Lett., 123, 250503(2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.250503

[314] et alGaussian boson sampling with pseudo-photon-number-resolving detectors and quantum computational advantage. Phys. Rev. Lett., 131, 150601(2023). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.150601

[315] Distributed quantum sensing. Quantum Sci. Technol., 6, 043001(2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/abd4c3

[316] et alDistributed quantum computing: a survey. Comput. Netw., 254, 110672(2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110672

[317] et alEntanglement of nanophotonic quantum memory nodes in a telecom network. Nature, 629, 573-578(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07252-z

[318] et alA thin film lithium niobate near-infrared platform for multiplexing quantum nodes. Nat. Commun., 15, 10459(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54541-2

[319] et alIntegrated quantum optical phase sensor in thin film lithium niobate. Nat. Commun., 14, 3355(2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38246-6

[320] et alOne-way quantum repeater based on near-deterministic photon–emitter interfaces. Phys. Rev. X, 10, 021071(2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.10.021071

[321] The computational complexity of linear optics, 333-342(2011). https://doi.org/10.1145/1993636.1993682

[322] et alElectro-optically programmable photonic circuits enabled by wafer-scale integration on thin-film lithium niobate. Phys. Rev. Res., 5, 033206(2023). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.033206

[323] Faster classical boson sampling. Phys. Scripta, 99, 065121(2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad4688

[324] Quantum sampling problems, bosonsampling and quantum supremacy. NPJ Quantum Inform., 3, 15(2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-017-0018-2

[325] et alGaussian boson sampling. Phys. Rev. Lett., 119, 170501(2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.170501

[326] et alQuantum computational advantage using photons. Science, 370, 1460-1463(2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe8770

[327] et alClassically simulating near-term partially-distinguishable and lossy boson sampling. Quantum Sci. Technol., 5, 015001(2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab5555

[328] et alClassical algorithm for simulating experimental Gaussian boson sampling. Nat. Phys., 20, 1461-1468(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02535-8

[329] et alSimulating the vibrational quantum dynamics of molecules using photonics. Nature, 557, 660-667(2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0152-9

[330] et alBoson sampling for molecular vibronic spectra. Nat. Photonics, 9, 615-620(2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.153

[331] Using Gaussian boson sampling to find dense subgraphs. Phys. Rev. Lett., 121, 030503(2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.030503

[332] et alPhotonic implementation of boson sampling: a review. Adv. Photonics, 1, 034001(2019). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.AP.1.3.034001

[333] et alExperimental realization of any discrete unitary operator. Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 58-61(1994). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.58

[334] et alOptimal design for universal multiport interferometers. Optica, 3, 1460-1465(2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.3.001460

[335] A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics. Nature, 409, 46-52(2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35051009

[336] A one-way quantum computer. Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 5188-5191(2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.5188

[337] Persistent entanglement in arrays of interacting particles. Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 910-913(2001). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.910

[338] Cluster-state quantum computation. Rep. Math. Phys., 57, 147-161(2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4877(06)80014-5

[339] Resource-efficient linear optical quantum computation. Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 010501(2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.010501

[340] Going beyond Bell’s theorem. Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe, 69-72(1989).

[341] Percolation, renormalization, and quantum computing with nondeterministic gates. Phys. Rev. Lett., 99, 130501(2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.130501

[342] et alFrom three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states to ballistic universal quantum computation. Phys. Rev. Lett., 115, 020502(2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.020502

[343] Why I am optimistic about the silicon-photonic route to quantum computing. APL Photonics, 2, 030901(2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976737

[344] et alRelative multiplexing for minimising switching in linear-optical quantum computing. New J. Phys., 19, 063013(2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa7095

[345] Proposal for pulsed on-demand sources of photonic cluster state strings. Phys. Rev. Lett., 103, 113602(2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.113602

[346] et alDeterministic photon source of genuine three-qubit entanglement. Nat. Commun., 15, 7774(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52086-y

[347] et alEfficient generation of entangled multiphoton graph states from a single atom. Nature, 608, 677-681(2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04987-5

[348] et alUniversal quantum computation with continuous-variable cluster states. Phys. Rev. Lett., 97, 110501(2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.110501

[349] One-way quantum computing in the optical frequency comb. Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, 130501(2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.130501

[350] Temporal-mode continuous-variable cluster states using linear optics. Phys. Rev. A, 83, 062314(2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.83.062314

[351] Experimental realization of multipartite entanglement of 60 modes of a quantum optical frequency comb. Phys. Rev. Lett., 112, 120505(2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.120505

[352] et alDeterministic generation of a two-dimensional cluster state. Science, 366, 369-372(2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4354

[353] et alOn-chip optical squeezing. Phys. Rev. Appl., 3, 044005(2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.3.044005

[354] et alSqueezed light from a nanophotonic molecule. Nat. Commun., 12, 2233(2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22540-2

[355] et alLarge-scale cluster quantum microcombs. Light: Sci. Appl., 14, 164(2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01812-2

[356] et alContinuous-variable multipartite entanglement in an integrated microcomb. Nature, 639, 329-336(2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08602-1

[357] et alHigh-threshold fault-tolerant quantum computation with analog quantum error correction. Phys. Rev. X, 8, 021054(2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.021054

[358] Fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computing with continuous-variable cluster states. Phys. Rev. Lett., 112, 120504(2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.120504

[359] et alFault-tolerant continuous-variable measurement-based quantum computation architecture. PRX Quantum, 2, 030325(2021). https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.030325

[360] et alMultimode entanglement in reconfigurable graph states using optical frequency combs. Nat. Commun., 8, 15645(2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15645

[361] Universal quantum computing with measurement-induced continuous-variable gate sequence in a loop-based architecture. Phys. Rev. Lett., 119, 120504(2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.120504

[362] et alSingle-mode squeezed-light generation and tomography with an integrated optical parametric oscillator. Sci. Adv., 10, eadl1814(2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl1814

[363] et alLithium tantalate photonic integrated circuits for volume manufacturing. Nature, 629, 784-790(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07369-1

[364] et alNew-generation silicon photonics beyond the singlemode regime(2021).

[365] Silicon carbide microring resonators for integrated nonlinear and quantum photonics based on optical nonlinearities. Photonics, 11, 701(2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080701

[366] et alAccurate measurements of second-order nonlinear optical coefficients of 6H and 4H silicon carbide. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 26, 1892-1896(2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.26.001892

[367] et alPolarization and spatial mode dependent four-wave mixing in a 4H-silicon carbide microring resonator. APL Photonics, 6, 076106(2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0053296

[368] et alInvestigation of the electro-optic effect in high-Q 4H-SiC microresonators. Opt. Lett., 48, 1482-1485(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.482844

[369] Nonlinear integrated quantum photonics with AlGaAs. Optica, 10, 917-931(2023). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.481385

[370] et alEfficient frequency comb generation in AlGaAs-on-insulator. Optica, 3, 823-826(2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.3.000823

[371] The electro-optic coefficients of GaAs: measurements at 1.32 and 1.52  μm and study of their dispersion between 0.9 and 10  μm. J. Appl. Phys., 71, 2821-2825(1992). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.351011

[372] et alRecord high squeezing using χ⁽²⁾ in AlGaAs chips, FW3B–5(2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2019.FW3B.5

[373] . Ferroelectric Crystals for Photonic Applications(2009).

[374] et alMonolithic source of entangled photons with integrated pump rejection, JTh4C–3(2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_AT.2018.JTh4C.3

[375] Ultra-high-contrast and tunable-bandwidth filter using cascaded high-order silicon microring filters. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 25, 1543-1546(2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2013.2267539

[376] et alGrating-coupled silicon microring resonators. Appl. Phys. Lett., 100, 121118(2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3696082

[377] et alIntegrated source of spectrally filtered correlated photons for large-scale quantum photonic systems. Phys. Rev. X, 4, 041047(2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.4.041047

[378] et alPassive high-extinction integrated photonic filters for silicon quantum photonics, FM1N–6(2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_QELS.2016.FM1N.6

[379] et alIntegrated transition edge sensors on titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. APL Photonics, 4, 056103(2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5086276

[380] et alA 100-pixel photon-number-resolving detector unveiling photon statistics. Nat. Photonics, 17, 112-119(2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-022-01119-3

[381] Trident edge coupler on thin-film lithium niobate for optimized coupling of octave-separated wavelengths for nonlinear applications. Opt. Contin., 3, 1116-1131(2024). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTCON.518712