Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of laser cladding device and powder feeding in light

Fig. 2. Measurement results based on probe-type beam quality analyzer. (a) Beam quality actual measurement diagram; (b) schematic diagram of energy distribution in vertical section of hollow ring heat source

Fig. 3. Simplified CAD model of hollow ring heat source and schematic diagram of micro-element. (a) Simplified CAD model of hollow ring heat source; (b) micro-element integral along x and z directions; (c) micro-element integral long y direction

Fig. 4. Topographies of molten pool under RSM processes (defocus/power/scanning speed). (a) -3 mm/1000 W/6 mm·s^-1; (b) -2 mm/1000 W/3 mm·s^-1; (c) -4 mm/1000 W/3 mm·s^-1; (d) -4 mm/1000 W/9 mm·s^-1; (e) -2 mm/1000 W/9 mm·s^-1; (f) -3 mm/600 W/3 mm·s^-1; (g) -2 mm/600 W/6 mm·s^-1; (h) -4 mm/600 W/6 mm·s^-1

Fig. 5. Hollow ring heat source model diagram

Fig. 6. Geometric mesh modeling

Fig. 7. Hollow ring laser heat source temperature distribution cloud map. (a) Cross-sectional temperature distribution; (b) top view of heat source temperature distribution

Fig. 8. Temperature distribution diagram of the vertical section of the molten pool

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of the laser scanning path on the cladding layer

Fig. 10. Comparison between simulated thermal cycle curve and measured data during laser melting deposition