Fig. 1. Processing flow for CO₂ fluxes

Fig. 2. Processing flow for biogenic CO₂ fluxes

Fig. 3. Spatial distributions of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions before and after optimization. (a) ODIAC; (b) post-optimization

Fig. 4. Spatial distributions of biogenic CO₂ fluxes before and after optimization. (a) SMUrF; (b) post-optimization

Fig. 5. Comparisons of MEIC and optimized CO₂ emissions. (a) MEIC; (b) optimized data

Fig. 6. Comparisons of ODIAC and optimized CO₂ emissions. (a) Scatter of top 5 emissions; (b) grid-by-grid comparison

Fig. 7. NEE after treatment. (a) Daily variation; (b) annual variation

Fig. 8. Comparisons between SMRrF and optimized NEE. (a) Remote sensing image of RGB; (b) NEE of SMUrF; (c) optimized NEE

Fig. 9. Comparison of simulations-observations before and after optimization of Case 1. (a) Observations; (b) simulations before optimization of CO₂ fluxes; (c) simulations after optimization of CO₂ fluxes

Fig. 10. Scatter of simulated-observed XCO₂ concentrations before and after optimization. (a) Case 1; (b) Case 2; (c) Case 3

Fig. 11. Comparisons of simulations-observations before and after optimization of Case 2. (a) Observations; (b) simulations before optimization of CO₂ fluxes; (c) simulations after optimization of CO₂ fluxes

Fig. 12. Comparison of simulations-observations before and after optimization of Case 3. (a) Observations; (b) simulations before optimization of CO₂ fluxes; (c) simulations after optimization of CO₂ fluxes