Fig. 1. Scheme diagram of Earth observation image acquisition from geosynchronous meteorological satellite^[1]

Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of precise registration of observed pixels on each scanning line, using the Sun as reference. (a) Three-dimensional perspective view; (b) plane view after local midnight; (c) plane view after local noon

Fig. 3. Time series of row number where the center of the Earth disk is located in the frame-by-frame images of FY-2 on 7-8 Jun 2006

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram for FY-2 satellite observation geometry

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram demonstrating the impact of roll misalignment on the imaging process

Fig. 6. Under abnormal conditions, images of Earth disk observation

Fig. 7. Full disk visible image of FY-2C satellite at 0456UTC on Jun 8, 2006, shows the effect of the FY-2 satellite image positioning

Fig. 8. Earth disk center forecast bias (actual minus forecast) in June 2006. (a) North-south direction alone; (b) east-west direction alone

Fig. 9. Scheme diagram of scanning mirror optical path of FY-4A imager

Fig. 10. Calculation process of the nominal fixed grid for FY-4 observation image

Fig. 11. Scheme diagram of the FY-4 navigation and compensation

Fig. 12. Flow chart of star forecast, observation, and identification

Fig. 13. Full disk image from channel 3 of FY-4B imaging instrument at 0400UTC on April 30, 2023, shows the effect of the FY-4 satellite image positioning

Fig. 14. Scheme diagram for height assignment of semi-transparent cloud^[38]

Fig. 15. Contribution made by the correlation coefficient of image pixels in the tracked image block to the tracking calculation^[39]

Fig. 16. Method of estimating the background radiation beneath clouds based on the pattern of the infrared/water vapor scatterplot^[40]