Journals Articles Conferences News About CLP
Submit a paper Email Alert
Search
Search
Articles
Journals
News
Advanced Search
Top Searches
2D MaterialsTransformation opticsQuantum PhotonicsSmall lasersSemiconductor UV PhotonicsSupersymmetric microring laser arrays

Advanced Photonics, Volume. 1, Issue 1, 014002(2019)

Semiconductor nanolasers and the size-energy-efficiency challenge: a review

Cun-Zheng Ning1,2,3、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1Tsinghua University, Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing, China
  • 2Tsinghua University, International Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Beijing, China
  • 3Arizona State University, School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Tempe, Arizona, United States
    • show less
    Full TextGet PDF
    Figures&Tables (6)
    Equations (0)
    References (102)
    Cited By (6)
    Tools
    Paper Information
    Topics
    References(102)

    [1] D. A. B. Miller. Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips. Proc. IEEE, 97, 1166-1185(2009).

    [2] C. Z. Ning, L. T. Dou, P. D. Yang. Nanoscale bandgap engineering: semiconductor alloy nanomaterials with widely tunable compositions. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2, 17070(2017).

    [3] C. Z. Ning. Semiconductor nanolasers (Tutorial). Phys. Status Solidi B, 247, 774-788(2010).

    [4] J. J. Coleman, C. Z. Ning, A. C. Bryce, C. Jagadish. Semiconductor nanowire lasers. Semiconductors and Semimetals, 86, 455-486(2012).

    [5] Q. Zhang et al. High quality whispering gallery mode lasing from cesium lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Adv. Funct. Mater., 26, 6238-6245(2016).

    [6] D. Liang, J. E. Bowers. Recent progress in lasers on silicon. Nat. Photonics, 4, 511-517(2010).

    [7] K. Ohashi et al. On-chip optical interconnect. Proc. IEEE, 97, 1186-1198(2009).

    [8] Z. Wang et al. Novel light source integration approaches for silicon photonics. Laser Photonics Rev., 11, 1700063(2017).

    [9] D. Liang et al. Heterogeneous silicon light sources for datacom applications. Opt. Fiber Technol., 44, 43-52(2018).

    [10] A. Y. Liu et al. High performance continuous wave 1.3  μm quantum dot lasers on silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett., 104, 041104(2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4863223

    [11] T. Wang et al. 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs quantum-dot lasers monolithically grown on Si substrates. Opt. Express, 19, 11381-11386(2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.011381

    [12] S. Chen et al. Electrically pumped long lifetime continuous-wave III-V quantum-dot lasers directly grown on silicon substrates. Nat. Photonics, 10, 307-311(2016).

    [13] R. Chen et al. Nanolasers grown on silicon. Nat. Photonics, 5, 170-175(2011).

    [14] A. T. Martensson et al. Epitaxial III-V nanowires on silicon. Nano Lett., 4, 1987-1990(2004).

    [15] K. Tomioka, M. Yoshimura, T. Fukui. A III–V nanowire channel on silicon for high-performance vertical transistors. Nature, 488, 189-192(2012).

    [16] M. Borg et al. Vertical III-V nanowire device integration on Si(100). Nano Lett., 14, 1914-1920(2014).

    [17] Y. Cohin et al. Growth of vertical GaAs nanowires on an amorphous substrate via a fiber-textured Si platform. Nano Lett., 13, 2743-2747(2013).

    [18] B. Mayer et al. Monolithically integrated high-β nanowire lasers on silicon. Nano Lett., 16, 152-156(2016).

    [19] F. Schuster et al. Site-controlled growth of monolithic InGaAs/InP quantum well nanopillar lasers on silicon. Nano Lett., 17, 2697-2702(2017).

    [20] H. Kim et al. Monolithically integrated InGaAs nanowires on 3D structured silicon-on-insulator as a new platform for full optical links. Nano Lett., 16, 1833-1839(2016).

    [21] H. T. Nguyen et al. p-Type modulation doped InGaN/GaN dot-in-a-wire white-light-emitting diodes monolithically grown on Si(111). Nano Lett., 11, 1919-1924(2011).

    [22] K. Ding et al. Modulation bandwidth and energy efficiency of metallic cavity semiconductor nanolasers with inclusion of noise effects. Laser Photonics Rev., 9, 488-497(2015).

    [23] A. Benner. Optical interconnect opportunities in supercomputers and high end computing, OTu2B.4(2012).

    [24] H. Soda et al. GaInAsP/InP surface emitting injection lasers. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 18, 2329-2330(1979).

    [25] P. Moser et al. 56 fJ dissipated energy per bit of oxide-confined 850 nm VCSELs operating at 25 Gbit/s. Electron. Lett., 48, 1292-1294(2012).

    [26] P. Moser et al. Energy efficient 40 Gbit/s transmission with 850 nm VCSELs at 108 fJ/bit dissipated heat. Electron. Lett., 49, 666-667(2013).

    [27] D. Bimberg, A. Larsson, A. Joel. Faster, more frugal, greener VCSELs. Compd. Semicond., 22, 34-39(2014).

    [28] S. L. McCall et al. Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers. Appt. Phys. Lett., 60, 289-291(1992).

    [29] R. E. Slusher et al. Threshold characteristics of semiconductor microdisk lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 63, 1310-1312(1993).

    [30] Y. Zhang et al. Photonic crystal disk lasers. Opt. Lett., 36, 2704-2706(2011).

    [31] Q. Zhang et al. Room-temperature near-infrared high-Q perovskite whispering gallery planar nanolasers. Nano Lett., 14, 5995-6001(2014).

    [32] O. Painter et al. Two-dimensional photonic band-gap defect mode laser. Science, 284, 1819-1821(1999).

    [33] M. Nomura et al. Room temperature continuous-wave lasing in photonic crystal nanocavity. Opt. Express, 14, 6308-6315(2006).

    [34] K. Nozaki, S. Kita, T. Baba. Room temperature continuous wave operation and controlled spontaneous emission in ultrasmall photonic crystal nanolaser. Opt. Express, 15, 7506-7514(2007).

    [35] H.-G. Park et al. Electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser. Science, 305, 1444-1447(2004).

    [36] H. Altug, D. Englund, J. Vuckovic. Ultrafast photonic crystal nanocavity laser. Nat. Phys., 2, 484-488(2006).

    [37] S. Matsuo et al. High-speed ultracompact buried heterostructure photonic-crystal laser with 13 fJ of energy consumed per bit transmitted. Nat. Photonics, 4, 648-654(2010).

    [38] K.-Y. Jeong et al. Electrically driven nanobeam laser. Nat. Commun., 4, 2822(2013).

    [39] E. Yablonovitch. Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics. Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 2059-2062(1987).

    [40] S. John. Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 2486-2489(1987).

    [41] A. V. Maslov, C. Z. Ning. Reflection of guided modes in a semiconductor nanowire laser. Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 1237-1239(2003).

    [42] M. H. Huang et al. Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers. Science, 292, 1897-1899(2001).

    [43] J. C. Johnson et al. Single gallium nitride nanowire lasers. Nat. Mater., 1, 106-110(2002).

    [44] X. F. Duan et al. Single-nanowire electrically driven lasers. Nature, 421, 241-245(2003).

    [45] A. H. Chin. Near-infrared semiconductor subwavelength-wire lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 88, 163115(2006).

    [46] D. Saxena et al. Optically pumped room-temperature GaAs nanowire lasers. Nat. Photonics, 7, 963-968(2013).

    [47] B. Mayer et al. Lasing from individual GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires up to room temperature. Nat. Commun., 4, 2931(2013).

    [48] S. Eaton et al. Semiconductor nanowire lasers. Nat. Rev. Mater., 1, 16028(2016).

    [49] C. Z. Ning, A. Pelster, G. Wunner. Nanolasers: current status of the trailblazer of synergetics. Self-Organization in Complex Systems: The Past, Present, and Future of Synergetics, 109-128(2016).

    [50] C. Couteau et al. Nanowire lasers. Nanophotonics, 4, 90-107(2015).

    [51] M. A Zimmler et al. Optically pumped nanowire lasers. Semicond. Sci. Technol., 25, 024001(2010).

    [52] R. Yan, D. Gargas, P. D. Yang. Nanowire photonics. Nat. Photonics, 3, 569-576(2009).

    [53] Y. Ma et al. Semiconductor nanowire lasers. Adv. Opt. Photonics, 5, 216-273(2013).

    [54] K. Ding, C. Z. Ning. Metallic subwavelength-cavity semiconductor nanolaser. Light Sci. Appl., 1, e20(2012).

    [55] Y. Ye et al. Monolayer excitonic laser. Nat. Photonics, 9, 733-737(2015).

    [56] S. Wu et al. Monolayer semiconductor nanocavity lasers with ultralow thresholds. Nature, 520, 69-72(2015).

    [57] Y. Li et al. Room-temperature continuous-wave lasing from monolayer molybdenum ditelluride integrated with a silicon nanobeam cavity. Nat. Nanotechnol., 12, 987-992(2017).

    [58] X. Liu et al. Strong light-matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals. Nat. Photonics, 9, 30-34(2015).

    [59] O. Salehzadeh et al. Optically pumped two-dimensional MoS2 lasers operating at room-temperature. Nano Lett., 15, 5302-5306(2015).

    [60] J. C. Reed et al. Wavelength tunable microdisk cavity light source with a chemically enhanced MoS2 emitter. Nano Lett., 15, 1967-1971(2015).

    [61] D. J. Bergman, M. I. Stockman. Surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation: quantum generation of coherent surface plasmons in nanosystems. Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 027402(2003).

    [62] A. V. Maslov, C. Z. Ning. Size reduction of a semiconductor nanowire laser by using metal coating. Proc. SPIE, 6468, 646801(2007).

    [63] M. T. Hill et al. Lasing in metal-insulator-metal sub-wavelength plasmonic waveguides. Opt. Express, 17, 11107-11112(2009).

    [64] M. A. Noginov et al. Compensation of loss in propagating surface plasmon polariton by gain in adjacent dielectric medium. Opt. Express, 16, 1385-1392(2008).

    [65] R. F. Oulton et al. Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale. Nature, 461, 629-632(2009).

    [66] M. P. Nezhad, K. Tetz, Y. Fainman. Gain assisted propagation of surface plasmon polaritons on planar metallic waveguides. Opt. Express, 12, 4072-4079(2004).

    [67] S. Maier. Gain-assisted propagation of electromagnetic energy in subwavelength surface plasmon polariton gap waveguides. Opt. Commun., 258, 295-299(2006).

    [68] M. T. Hill et al. Lasing in metallic-coated nanocavities. Nat. Photonics, 1, 589-594(2007).

    [69] M. A. Noginov et al. Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser. Nature, 460, 1110-1112(2009).

    [70] N. I. Zheludev et al. Lasing spaser. Nat. Photonics, 2, 351-354(2008).

    [71] M. P. Nezhad et al. Room-temperature subwavelength metallo-dielectric lasers. Nat. Photonics, 4, 395-399(2010).

    [72] I. De Leon, P. Berini. Amplification of long-range surface plasmons by a dipolar gain medium. Nat. Photonics, 4, 382-387(2010).

    [73] Y. J. Lu et al. Pasmonic nanolaser using epitaxially grown silver film. Science, 337, 450-453(2012).

    [74] W. Zhu et al. Surface plasmon polariton laser based on a metallic trench Fabry-Perot resonator. Sci. Adv., 3, e1700909(2017).

    [75] M. J. Marell et al. Plasmonic distributed feedback lasers at telecommunications wavelengths. Opt. Express, 19, 15109-15118(2011).

    [76] E. K. Keshmarzi, R. Tait, P. Berini. Single-mode surface plasmon distributed feedback lasers. Nanoscale, 10, 5914-5922(2018).

    [77] K. Ding et al. Room temperature continuous wave lasing in deep-subwavelength metallic-cavities under electrical injection. Phys. Rev. B, 85, 041301(R)(2012).

    [78] K. Yu, A. Lakhani, M. C. Wu. Subwavelength metal-optic semiconductor nanopatch lasers. Opt. Express, 18, 8790-8799(2010).

    [79] R. Perahia et al. Suface-plasmon mode hybridization in subwavelength microdisk lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 95, 201114(2009).

    [80] S. H. Kwon et al. Subwavelength plasmonic lasing from a semiconductor nanodisk with silver nanopan cavity. Nano Lett., 10, 3679-3683(2010).

    [81] M. Khajavikhan et al. Thresholdless nanoscale coaxial lasers. Nature, 482, 204-207(2012).

    [82] T. P. H. Sidiropoulos et al. Ultrafast plasmonic nanowire lasers near the surface plasmon frequency. Nat. Phys., 10, 870-876(2014).

    [83] K. Ding et al. Record performance of electrical injection subwavelength metallic-cavity semiconductor lasers at room temperature. Opt. Express, 21, 4728-4733(2013).

    [84] K. Ding, C. Z. Ning. Fabrication challenges of electrical injection metallic cavity semiconductor nanolasers. Semicond. Sci. Technol., 28, 124002(2013).

    [85] P. Ginzburg, A. V. Zayats. Linewidth enhancement in spasers and plasmonic nanolasers. Opt. Express, 21, 2147-2153(2013).

    [86] S. Gwo, C. K. Shih. Semiconductor plasmonic nanolasers: current status and perspectives. Rep. Prog. Phys., 79, 086501(2016).

    [87] R. Ma et al. Plasmon lasers: coherent light source at molecular scales. Laser Photonics Rev., 7, 1-21(2013).

    [88] Q. Gu, Y. Fainman. Semiconductor Nanolasers(2017).

    [89] M. T. Hill, M. C. Gather. Advances in small lasers. Nat. Photonics, 8, 908-918(2014).

    [90] M. I. Stockman. The spaser as a nanoscale quantum generator and ultrafast amplifier. J. Opt., 12, 024004(2010).

    [91] P. Berini, I. De Leon. Surface plasmon–polariton amplifiers and lasers. Nat. Photonics, 6, 16-24(2012).

    [92] D. Li, C. Z. Ning. Interplay of various loss mechanisms and ultimate size limit of a surface plasmon polariton semiconductor nanolaser. Opt. Express, 20, 16348-16357(2012).

    [93] E. K. Lau et al. Enhanced modulation bandwidth of nanocavity light emitting devices. Opt. Express, 17, 7790-7799(2009).

    [94] K. A. Shore. Modulation bandwidth of metal-clad semiconductor nanolasers with cavity-enhanced spontaneous emission. Electron. Lett., 46, 1688-1689(2010).

    [95] T. Suhr et al. Modulation response of nanoLEDs and nanolasers exploiting Purcell enhanced spontaneous emission. Opt. Express, 18, 11230-11241(2010).

    [96] C.-Y. A. Ni, S. L. Chuang. Theory of high-speed nanolasers and nanoLEDs. Opt. Express, 20, 16450-16470(2012).

    [97] D. B. Li, C. Z. Ning. Peculiar features of confinement factors in a metal-semiconductor waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett., 96, 181109(2010).

    [98] D. Li, C. Z. Ning. Giant modal gain, amplified surface plasmon polariton propagation, and slowing down of energy velocity in a metal-semiconductor metal structure. Phys. Rev., B80, 153304(2009).

    [99] A. Chernikov et al. Population inversion and giant bandgap renormalization in atomically thin WS2 layers. Nat. Photonics, 9, 466-470(2015).

    [100] L. Meckbach, T. Stroucken, S. W. Koch. Giant excitation induced bandgap renormalization in TMDC monolayers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 112, 061104(2018).

    [101] F. Lohof et al. Prospects and limitations of transition-metal dichalcogenide laser gain materials.

    [102] Z. Wang. Excitonic complexes and optical gain in two-dimensional molybdenum ditelluride well below Mott transition.

    CLP Journals

    [1] Linpeng Gu, Liang Fang, Qingchen Yuan, Xuetao Gan, Hao Yang, Xutao Zhang, Juntao Li, Hanlin Fang, Vladislav Khayrudinov, Harri Lipsanen, Zhipei Sun, Jianlin Zhao, "Nanowire-assisted microcavity in a photonic crystal waveguide and the enabled high-efficiency optical frequency conversions," Photonics Res. 8, 1734 (2020)

    [2] Meng Guo, Hongbo He, Kui Yi, Shuying Shao, Guohang Hu, Jianda Shao, "Optical characteristics of ultrathin amorphous Ge films," Chin. Opt. Lett. 18, 103101 (2020)

    [3] Xiao-Cong (Larry) Yuan, Anatoly Zayats, "Laser: sixty years of advancement," Adv. Photon. 2, 050101 (2020)

    [4] Zhiqiang Yang, Kang Du, Wending Zhang, Soojin Chua, Ting Mei, "A polarization-insensitive fishnet/spacer/mirror plasmonic absorber for hot electron photodetection application," Chin. Opt. Lett. 18, 052402 (2020)

    [5] Antardipan Pal, Yong Zhang, Dennis D. Yau, "Monolithic and single-functional-unit level integration of electronic and photonic elements: FET-LET hybrid 6T SRAM," Photonics Res. 9, 1369 (2021)

    [6] Zhe Zhang, Leona Nest, Suo Wang, Si-Yi Wang, Ren-Min Ma, "Lasing-enhanced surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and sensing," Photonics Res. 9, 1699 (2021)

    Tools

    Get Citation

    Copy Citation Text

    Cun-Zheng Ning, "Semiconductor nanolasers and the size-energy-efficiency challenge: a review," Adv. Photon. 1, 014002 (2019)

    Download Citation

    EndNote(RIS)BibTexPlain Text
    Set citation alerts for article
    Save article for my favorites
    Paper Information

    Category: Reviews

    Received: Oct. 3, 2018

    Accepted: Dec. 29, 2018

    Published Online: Feb. 18, 2019

    The Author Email: Ning Cun-Zheng (cning@tsinghua.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.1117/1.AP.1.1.014002

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology