Fig. 1. Structure schematic diagram of liquid crystal cell

Fig. 2. Patterns of ITO electrodes. (a) Central part of the first zone; (b) boundary between the first and second zones

Fig. 3. Uniaxial polarization interference optical path

Fig. 4. Uniaxial interference fringe patterns at a voltage difference of 0.8 V. (a) Central interferogram; (b) edge interferogram

Fig. 5. Uniaxial interference fringe patterns under different voltage differences. Positive lens under voltage differences of (a) 0.8 V, (b) 0.6 V, (c) 0.4 V, and (d) 0.2 V; negative lens under voltage differences of (e) -0.2 V, (f) -0.4 V, (g) -0.6 V, and (h) -0.8 V

Fig. 6. Mach-Zehnder interference optical path

Fig. 7. Mach-Zehnder interference fringe patterns under different voltage differences. Positive lens under voltage differences of (a) 0.8 V, (b) 0.6 V, (c) 0.4 V, and (d) 0.2 V; negative lens under voltage differences of (e) -0.2 V, (f) -0.4 V, (g) -0.6 V, and (h) -0.8 V

Fig. 8. Phase distributions of the first eight Fresnel regions for the lens under different voltage differences (λ=532 nm). (a) 0.8 V; (b) -0.8 V

Fig. 9. Variation in focal power and RMS aberration of lens center with voltage difference

Fig. 10. Diffraction spot images under different light intensities. (a) Underexposure; (b) normal exposure; (c) overexposure

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of zooming imaging experiement

Fig. 12. Imaging comparison with and without liquid crystal lens. (a) At 61 cm without liquid crystal lens; (b) at 61 cm with liquid crystal lens; (c) at 31 cm without liquid crystal lens; (d) at 31 cm with liquid crystal lens

Fig. 13. MTF50 curves of the test image. (a) Variation curve of MTF50 with voltage difference at a fixed position; (b) variation curves of MTF50 with position with and without liquid crystal lenses

Fig. 14. Liquid crystal lens zooming demonstration. (a) Positive lens state, focus on green parrot; (b) liquid crystal lens off, focus on puppy; (c) negative lens state, focus on teddy bear