Chlorophyll Detection Based on Radio Frequency Intensity of a Microwave Photonic Filter

Qiankun Li; Meiqi Ding; Lin Gui; Xiaoxuan Lian; Min Qian

doi:10.3788/CJL230947

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 50, Issue 21, 2107403(2023)

Chlorophyll Detection Based on Radio Frequency Intensity of a Microwave Photonic Filter

Qiankun Li¹, Meiqi Ding¹, Lin Gui^2、*, Xiaoxuan Lian¹, and Min Qian¹

Author Affiliations

¹School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Control Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China

²School of Computer and Information Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China

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Figures & Tables(13)

Fig. 1. Experimental setup of chlorophyll detection based on microwave photonic filter

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Fig. 2. Extraction and preparation of chlorophyll

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Fig. 3. RF spectra. (a) Magnified RF intensity at the maximum value; (b) magnified RF intensity at the minimum value

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Fig. 4. RF spectral curves. (a) Variation of maximum RF intensity; (b) variation of minimum RF intensity

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Fig. 5. RF intensity of chlorophyll solution placed for different periods of time. (a) Variation of maximum RF intensity with time and error analysis; (b) variation of minimum RF intensity with time and error analysis

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Fig. 6. Variation of RF intensity with temperature. (a) Variation of maximum RF intensity with temperature; (b) variation of minimum RF intensity with temperature

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Fig. 7. Experimental results of chlorophyll solution with different mass concentrations. (a) Maximum value of single measurement of RF intensity at different mass concentrations; (b) minimum value of single measurement of RF intensity at different mass concentrations; (c) linear fitting between the maximum RF intensity and chlorophyll mass concentration; (d) linear fitting between minimum RF intensity and chlorophyll mass concentration

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Fig. 8. Experimental results in the case of low mass concentration. (a) Fitting curves between maximum RF intensity and chlorophyll mass concentration; (b) fitting curves between minimum RF intensity and chlorophyll mass concentration

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Table 1. Analysis of different vegetable chlorophyll solutions for detection (no dilution)

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Table 1. Analysis of different vegetable chlorophyll solutions for detection (no dilution)

Type of vegetables	Optical power	Maximum RF intensity		Minimum RF intensity
Type of vegetables	Optical power	Mean	Standard deviation（STD）	Mean	STD
Ethanol（control group）	-23.28	-61.5539	0.03705	-67.3398	0.1057
Chinese cabbage	-23.38	-61.7567	0.07388	-67.5282	0.0772
Amaranth	-23.37	-61.7881	0.04300	-67.5704	0.0430
Lettuce	-23.35	-61.9892	0.06224	-67.7986	0.0514
Oilseed rape	-23.33	-62.2636	0.02152	-68.0091	0.0864
Spinach	-23.28	-62.2558	0.06101	-68.0883	0.0940

Table 2. Analysis of different vegetable chlorophyll solutions for detection (after dilution)

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Table 2. Analysis of different vegetable chlorophyll solutions for detection (after dilution)

Type of vegetables	Optical power	Maximum RF intensity		Mininum RF intensity
Type of vegetables	Optical power	Mean	STD	Mean	STD
Chinese cabbage	-23.28	-59.4475	0.16264	-65.5035	0.1613
Amaranth	-23.38	-59.9417	0.09386	-65.9274	0.1505
Lettuce	-23.37	-60.2454	0.09568	-66.1478	0.0905
Oilseed rape	-23.35	-60.982	0.06120	-66.7872	0.0317
Spinach	-23.33	-60.7178	0.08635	-66.5012	0.1104

Table 3. Maximum RF intensity corresponding to chlorophyll solution placed for different periods of time

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Table 3. Maximum RF intensity corresponding to chlorophyll solution placed for different periods of time

Set aside time /h	Results of 5 repeated measurements /dBm					Mean /dBm	STD /dBm	Relative error /%
Set aside time /h	1	2	3	4	5	Mean /dBm	STD /dBm	Relative error /%
0	-56.447	-56.510	-56.524	-56.617	-56.613	-56.5426	0.0725
0.25	-56.855	-56.841	-56.879	-56.825	-56.810	-56.8423	0.0266	0.5760
0.50	-56.766	-56.791	-56.684	-56.746	-56.918	-56.7815	0.0864	0.4172
0.75	-56.853	-56.721	-56.758	-56.772	-56.834	-56.7879	0.0547	0.3977
1.00	-56.627	-56.614	-56.653	-56.578	-56.605	-56.6159	0.0274	0.1351
1.25	-56.740	-56.839	-56.801	-56.779	-56.979	-56.8279	0.0917	0.4319
1.50	-56.662	-56.706	-56.668	-56.664	-56.620	-56.6643	0.0305	0.1665
1.75	-56.879	-56.854	-56.901	-56.809	-56.775	-56.8439	0.0514	0.4715
2.00	-56.881	-56.888	-57.060	-57.114	-57.076	-57.0045	0.0997	0.7235

Table 4. Minimum RF intensity corresponding to chlorophyll solution placed for different periods of time

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Table 4. Minimum RF intensity corresponding to chlorophyll solution placed for different periods of time

Set aside time /h	Results of 5 repeated measurements /dBm					Mean /dBm	STD /dBm	Relative error /%
Set aside time /h	1	2	3	4	5	Mean /dBm	STD /dBm	Relative error /%
0	-59.420	-59.382	-59.395	-59.589	-59.529	-59.4636	0.0911
0.25	-59.816	-59.742	-59.740	-59.722	-59.768	-59.7579	0.0364	0.4949
0.50	-59.626	-59.626	-59.579	-59.572	-59.742	-59.6290	0.0680	0.2787
0.75	-59.613	-59.601	-59.571	-59.578	-59.720	-59.6170	0.0600	0.2580
1.00	-59.465	-59.505	-59.501	-59.455	-59.353	-59.4560	0.0614	-0.0124
1.25	-59.690	-59.615	-59.643	-59.636	-59.811	-59.6790	0.0786	0.3630
1.50	-59.468	-59.509	-59.398	-59.467	-59.377	-59.4446	0.0545	-0.0319
1.75	-59.711	-59.720	-59.724	-59.593	-59.599	-59.6697	0.0671	0.3466
2.00	-59.796	-59.796	-59.952	-59.921	-59.975	-59.8884	0.0861	0.7144

Table 5. Tested RF intensity affected by temperature

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Table 5. Tested RF intensity affected by temperature

Temperature /℃	Maximum RF intensity			Minimum RF intensity
Temperature /℃	Mean /dBm	STD /dBm	Relative error /%	Mean/ dBm	STD /dBm	Relative error /%
25	-56.51930	0.0318		-59.2240	0.0339
30	-56.51452	0.0985	-0.0085	-59.2034	0.0654	-0.0348
35	-56.49552	0.0548	-0.0421	-59.2160	0.0342	-0.0134
40	-56.26390	0.0645	-0.4518	-59.0422	0.0485	-0.3070
45	-56.08204	0.0532	-0.7736	-58.9515	0.0199	-0.4602
50	-56.11058	0.1044	-0.7231	-59.1370	0.0746	-0.1468

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Qiankun Li, Meiqi Ding, Lin Gui, Xiaoxuan Lian, Min Qian. Chlorophyll Detection Based on Radio Frequency Intensity of a Microwave Photonic Filter[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2023, 50(21): 2107403

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Paper Information

Category: Bio-Optical Sensing and Manipulation

Received: Jun. 25, 2023

Accepted: Sep. 4, 2023

Published Online: Nov. 24, 2023

The Author Email: Lin Gui (guilin100@yeah.net)

DOI:10.3788/CJL230947

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology