Fig. 1. Integrated multi-functional information processor based on CMRR-DL. (a) The schematic of the chip layout. (b) Optical microscope image of the on-chip system. (c, f) The operational principle of the system as a (c) coherent or (f) incoherent architecture displayed by discrete devices. (d, e, g, h) Signals flow charts when applied in fields of (d, e) optical communication, (g) microwave photonics and (h) optical computing.

Fig. 2. Optical images and fundamental characteristics of Si-based devices. (a–c) High-bandwidth silicon MZM. (b) The 3-dB EO bandwidth reaches 27 GHz. (c) The measured BER and eye diagrams versus data rates. (d–f) Tunable MRRs with on-ring TiN heater. (e) Normalized transmission spectra and (f) normalized power at a fixed wavelength versus TiN heater voltages. (g–i) The silicon spiral waveguide delay line. (h) Simulated group refractive index of the fundamental transverse electric (TE) mode versus width variation for various nominal widths. (i) The measured average delay time is 58 ps per spiral waveguide delay line.

Fig. 3. Fundamental characteristics at the system level of the CMRR-DL structure. (a) Measured and simulated optical normalized spectra of drop port when heaters are deactivated. (b) Measured spectrum with a particular set of voltages applied to make resonant wavelength of the 9 MRRs distribute uniformly. (c) Flattened peaks of MRRs by adjusting coupling states of MRRs. (d) Normalized transmission versus coupling coefficients of MRR. (e) Structure of MRR with AMZI structure and (f) simulated spectra showing tunable peak power when applying different Δn_eff on the AMZI region to simulate the phase shift changing. (g, h) The demonstration of the multiplication operation. (g) Experimental setup and flow chart to set multipliers by gradient descent algorithm. (h) The measured multipliers’ deviation. (i–k) The demonstration of summation operation. (i) Experimental setup. (j) Signals propagating through different paths with a bit-period time delay. (k) Measured and simulated summation results in the electric domain.

Fig. 4. Experimental demonstrations of reconfigurable MWP filter and image edge detection. (a–c) Diagram of the experimental setup, lines in red for MWP filter and lines in purple for image process. Optical images of (b) Nonlinear MRR and (c) packaged SOI chip. (d) Optical spectrum of optical frequency comb used as parallel multi-wavelength source generated by nonlinear MRR. (e–g) Reconfigurable MWP filter results. (e) Optical spectra of comb lines with Gaussian envelope, adjusted by the CMRR-DL system. RF filtering response (f) in the non-dispersive delay scheme and (g) in the dispersive delay scheme. (h–k) Image edge detection results. (h) The picture of symbol alpha used as the input image. (i) Two 2x2 kernels (Roberts operator) for edge detection. (j) Measured time-series data. (k) Detected image edge from simulation and experiment.

Fig. 5. Experimental demonstrations of the low-cost optical equalizer. (a) Diagram of the experimental setup. (b) Optical spectra of the CMRR-DL system and optical carrier frequency under different conditions: (i) at the flat region of the through port, (ii) in the center of two rings’ resonances of the drop port, (iii) at the slope region of the drop port. (c) Normalized S₂₁ under different conditions. (d, e) Eye diagrams and Q-factors (d) before and (e) after equalization.