Fig. 1. On-chip optical switching network architecture based on hybrid wavelength-mode division multiplexing

Fig. 2. Structures of transmitting and receiving modules. (a) Wavelength selection/multiplexing module; (b) mode selection/multiplexing module; (c) mode/wavelength demultiplexing module

Fig. 3. Diagram of 2×2 on-chip optical switching block based on hybrid MDM-WDM multiplexing

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of 16×16 switching network structure

Fig. 5. Transmission spectra and field intensity distributions. (a) Effective index values with different waveguide widths; (b)-(e) transmission spectra and field intensity distributions of drop and through ports of CMR and SMR with a radius of 10 µm; (f) field intensity distribution of asymmetric directional coupler

Fig. 6. Transmission spectra of 16×16 MDM-WDM switching network. Input port is I₁ and output ports are switched from O₁ to O₁₆

Fig. 7. Multicast transmission spectra of 16×16 MDM-WDM switching network. Input port is I₁ and output ports are O₃, O₅, O₁₂, and O₁₄

Fig. 8. Eye diagrams for data transmission through optical links from I_1-4 to O_1-16 when transfer rate is 25 Gbps

Fig. 9. Structures for comparison. (a) SWSM-based 2×2 switching unit; (b) MWSM-based 2×2 switching unit

Fig. 10. Maximum insertion loss performance comparison between this work and traditional SWSM-based and MWSM-based structures under different network scales