Fig. 1. Schematic structure of SMF–GIMF–SMF. Blue and red lines denote light under a linear (low power) and a nonlinear (high power) case, respectively.

Fig. 2. (a) Transmission is plotted as a function of peak power with the GIMF-length of 30 cm; (b) a relative metric for pulse power discrimination with the length of GIMF LGIMF=30  cm+δL.

Fig. 3. Experimental setup of the passively mode-locked fiber laser. Inset: nonlinear power-dependent transmission (left) and microscopy image of a GIMF-based modulator.

Fig. 4. Characterizations of a CS and a SP. Output spectra of (a) a CS and (b) a SP plot in linear and logarithmic coordinates (insets); temporal information and RF spectra of (c) a CS and (d) a SP.

Fig. 5. Output power (blue) and pulse energy (red) as functions of launched pump power. A, B, C, and D denote the regions of the laser operations for generating a CS, the multipulse state of the CS, a SP, and the multipulse state of the SP, respectively. The slope efficiencies of the laser in regions A and C are ∼1.8% and ∼3.1%, respectively.

Fig. 6. Real-time observations of spectral dynamics of (a) a CS and (b) a SP. Inset: continuous real-time spectra measured by the DFT.

Fig. 7. Statistical information and the dynamics process of a rogue wave.

Fig. 8. Numerical simulation results. Temporal and spectral profiles of (a) a CS and (b) a SP; the spectral evolution of (c) CS and (d) SP pulses.