Fig. 1. Laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 6082 Al alloy. (a) Schematic; (b) weld formation

Fig. 2. Laser heat-source. (a) Laser power density distribution; (b) heat-source model for simulation

Fig. 3. Temperature field cloud maps and thermal cycling temperature curves at monitoring points. (a) Temperature distribution at interface for laser offset welding on Al sheet; (b) temperature distribution of welding pool; (c) cross-sectional temperature distribution; (d) thermal cycling temperature curves

Fig. 4. 2D surface map of bonding interface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 6082 Al alloy

Fig. 5. 3D surface profile of bonding interface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and 6082 Al alloy. (a) Original profile; (b) result after median denoising

Fig. 6. Micrographs of laser welded Ti/Al joints. (a) Al BM and HAZ; (b) weld zone; (c) weld zone near Ti side; (d) Ti/Al bonding interface and intermetallic compound layer layer

Fig. 7. SEM image and EDS results of bonding interface. (a) Ti/Al intermetallic compound; (b) scan energy spectral lines of all main components

Fig. 8. Element distribution maps at Ti/Al bonding interface by EDS scan. (a) SEM image of bonding interface; (b) layered image by EDS scan; (c) distribution map of Ti element; (d) distribution map of Al element; (e) distribution map of V element

Fig. 9. EDS analysis results of marked area in Figs. 7 and 8

Fig. 10. XRD and tensile strength test results. (a) XRD data; (b) tensile strength test results

Fig. 11. Fractures and surface energy spectra. (a) Fracture morphology; (b) test results of surface energy spectra

Fig. 12. Hardness distribution of laser welded Ti/Al joint