Fig. 1. Configuration of the cascaded system for frequency transfer and time synchronization. PDA: Pulse distribution amplifier.

Fig. 2. Field cascaded transfer system.

Fig. 3. Frequency stability comparison of the 430 km cascaded system between the closed and open loop.

Fig. 4. Frequency stabilities of the closed loop: (a) stage 1, stage 2, and cascaded system; (b) theoretical and experimental results.

Fig. 5. Time delay fluctuations in the closed loop and open loop of the 430 km cascaded system.

Fig. 6. Time delay fluctuation results of stage 1, stage 2, and the cascaded system in the closed loop.