[1] BISOYI H K, LI Q. Liquid crystals: versatile self-organized smart soft materials[J]. Chemical Reviews, 122, 4887-4926(2022).

[2] BISOYI H K, LI Q. Light-driven liquid crystalline materials: from photo-induced phase transitions and property modulations to applications[J]. Chemical Reviews, 116, 15089-15166(2016).

[3] GAO J J, TANG Y Q, MARTELLA D et al. Stimuli-responsive photonic actuators for integrated biomimetic and intelligent systems[J]. Responsive Materials, 1, e20230008(2023).

[4] MA S S, XUE P, TANG Y Q et al. Responsive soft actuators with MXene nanomaterials[J]. Responsive Materials, 1, e20230026(2023).

[5] GUO Y B, ZHANG J C, HU W Q et al. Shape-programmable liquid crystal elastomer structures with arbitrary three-dimensional director fields and geometries[J]. Nature Communications, 12, 5936(2021).

[6] FORD M J, AMBULO C P, KENT T A et al. A multifunctional shape-morphing elastomer with liquid metal inclusions[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 21438-21444(2019).

[7] LU H F, WANG M, CHEN X M et al. Interpenetrating liquid-crystal polyurethane/polyacrylate elastomer with ultrastrong mechanical property[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141, 14364-14369(2019).

[8] CUNHA M PDA, KANDAIL H S, DEN TOONDER J M J et al. An artificial aquatic polyp that wirelessly attracts, grasps, and releases objects[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 17571-17577(2020).

[9] WANG M, YANG J F. Liquid crystal elastomers based soft robots[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 34, 168-177(2022).

[10] LIU Q, LIU Y Y, LV J A et al. Photocontrolled liquid transportation in microtubes by manipulating mesogen orientations in liquid crystal polymers[J]. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 1, 1900060(2019).

[11] NIE Z Z, ZUO B, WANG M et al. Light-driven continuous rotating Möbius strip actuators[J]. Nature Communications, 12, 2334(2021).

[12] JIANG S, LIU X J, LIU J P et al. Flexible metamaterial electronics[J]. Advanced Materials, 34, 2200070(2022).

[13] TANG D, ZHANG L, ZHANG X Y et al. Bio-mimetic actuators of a photothermal-responsive vitrimer liquid crystal elastomer with robust, self-healing, shape memory, and reconfigurable properties[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14, 1929-1939(2022).

[14] HUANG Y L, SUN J J, HUANG S et al. Information storage materials based on liquid crystalline networks with programmable colors and shape memory[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 38, 49-59(2023).

[15] HUANG S, TAO Y, HUANG Y L. Photodeformable composite materials based on liquid crystalline polymers[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 34, 2012-2023(2022).

[16] JIAO P C, MUELLER J, RANEY J R et al. Mechanical metamaterials and beyond[J]. Nature Communications, 14, 6004(2023).

[17] KATIA B, VINCENZO V, JOHAN C et al. Flexible mechanical metamaterials[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2, 17066(2017).

[18] HU X Y, TAN T, WANG B L et al. A reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial with origami functional-group transformation and ring reconfiguration[J]. Nature Communications, 14, 6709(2023).

[19] YANG Q S, NIAN X C, ZHANG J et al. Recent research progress on intelligent flexible mechanical metamaterials and their properties[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 1-24(2023). https://doi.org/10.19636/j.cnki.cjsm42-1250/o3.2023.039

[20] WU R, LI L Q, WANG Z K. Shearigami: self-folding via shear deformation[J]. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 5, 2300020(2023).

[21] MUFF L F, MILLS A S, RIDDLE S et al. Modular design of a polymer-bilayer-based mechanically compliant worm-like robot[J]. Advanced Materials, 35, 2210409(2023).

[22] HWANG D, BARRON E J, HAQUE A B M T et al. Shape morphing mechanical metamaterials through reversible plasticity[J]. Science Robotics, 7, eabg2171(2022).

[23] JIANG S, LIU J P, XIONG W N et al. A snakeskin-inspired, soft-hinge Kirigami metamaterial for self-adaptive conformal electronic armor[J]. Advanced Materials, 34, 2204091(2022).

[24] CHENG X, FAN Z C, YAO S L et al. Programming 3D curved mesosurfaces using microlattice designs[J]. Science, 379, 1225-1232(2023).

[25] LAVRENTOVICH O D. Prepatterned liquid crystal elastomers as a step toward artificial morphogenesis[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 7171-7173(2018).

[26] XIN X Z, LIU L W, LIU Y J et al. 4D printing auxetic metamaterials with tunable, programmable, and reconfigurable mechanical properties[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 30, 2004226(2020).

[27] DEL POZO M, DELANEY C, CUNHA M PDA et al. Temperature-responsive 4D liquid crystal microactuators fabricated by direct laser writing by two-photon polymerization[J]. Small Structures, 3, 2100158(2022).

[28] SGOTTI VEIGA J, REIS CARNEIRO M, MOLTER R et al. Toward fully printed soft actuators: UV-assisted printing of liquid crystal elastomers and biphasic liquid metal conductors[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 8, 2300144(2023).

[29] DENG B L, YU S Q, FORTE A E et al. Characterization, stability, and application of domain walls in flexible mechanical metamaterials[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 31002-31009(2020).

[30] LEANZA S, WU S, SUN X H et al. Active materials for functional origami[J/OL]. Advanced Materials, 2302066(2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302066

[31] WANG X, YAO L Y. Theoretical and experimental study on double deformation modes of tubular miura-ori structure[J/OL]. Engineering Mechanics, 1-9(2023). http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2595.O3. 20230828.0921.002.html

[32] CHEN S S, LIU X, LIU Z G et al. Focused ion beam based nano-kirigami/origami for three-dimensional micro/nanomanufacturing and photonic applications[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 68, 248101(2019).

[33] YANG F F, LIN W W, YANG F Y et al. Design and characteristic analysis of a new metamaterial cell structure based on twofold-sym Kiri Pattern[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 59, 97-108(2023).

[34] CHEN J, JOHNSON A S, WEBER J et al. Programmable light-driven liquid crystal elastomer Kirigami with controlled molecular orientations[J]. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 4, 2100233(2022).

[35] CHENG Y C, LU H C, LEE X et al. Kirigami-based light-induced shape-morphing and locomotion[J]. Advanced Materials, 32, 1906233(2020).

[36] HUANG Y L, BISOYI H K, HUANG S et al. Bioinspired synergistic photochromic luminescence and programmable liquid crystal actuators[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 60, 11247-11251(2021).

[37] XIA Y, ZHANG X Y, YANG S. Instant locking of molecular ordering in liquid crystal elastomers by oxygen-mediated thiol-acrylate click reactions[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57, 5665-5668(2018).

[38] PLUCINSKY P, KOWALSKI B A, WHITE T J et al. Patterning nonisometric origami in nematic elastomer sheets[J]. Soft Matter, 14, 3127-3134(2018).

[39] MCBRIDE M K, MARTINEZ A M, COX L et al. A readily programmable, fully reversible shape-switching material[J]. Science Advances, 4, eaat4634(2018).

[40] LI Y, YU H B, YU K et al. Reconfigurable three-dimensional mesotructures of spatially programmed liquid crystal elastomers and their ferromagnetic composites[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 31, 2100338(2021).

[41] ZHAO H B, LI K, HAN M D et al. Buckling and twisting of advanced materials into morphable 3D mesostructures[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 13239-13248(2019).

[42] HUANG Y L, XU Y Y, BISOYI H K et al. Photocontrollable elongation actuation of liquid crystal elastomer films with well-defined crease structures[J]. Advanced Materials, 35, 2304378(2023).

[43] CHEN J, JIANG J, WEBER J et al. Shape morphing by topological patterns and profiles in laser-cut liquid crystal elastomer kirigami[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15, 4538-4548(2023).

[44] ZHANG M C, SHAHSAVAN H, GUO Y B et al. Liquid-crystal-elastomer-actuated reconfigurable microscale kirigami metastructures[J]. Advanced Materials, 33, 2008605(2021).

[45] WU J, YAO S L, ZHANG H et al. Liquid crystal elastomer metamaterials with giant biaxial thermal shrinkage for enhancing skin regeneration[J]. Advanced Materials, 33, 2106175(2021).

[46] ZHAO F, LI Y Z, GAO H et al. Design and characterization of deformable superstructures based on amine-acrylate liquid crystal elastomers[J]. Advanced Materials, 10, 2303594(2023).

[47] LI J W, ZHANG M K, LIU C et al. A review on intelligent soft robot manufactured by 4D printing[J]. Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Technology, 52, 24-35, 49(2023).

[48] WANG Z H. Research progress of 4D printed liquid crystal elastomers in the field of soft robotics[J]. Information Recording Materials, 24, 28-30(2023).

[49] AMBULO C P, BURROUGHS J J, BOOTHBY J M et al. Four-dimensional printing of liquid crystal elastomers[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9, 37332-37339(2017).

[50] KOTIKIAN A, TRUBY R L, BOLEY J W et al. 3D printing of liquid crystal elastomeric actuators with spatially programed nematic order[J]. Advanced Materials, 30, 1706164(2018).

[51] CHEN M, GAO M, BAI L C et al. Recent advances in 4D printing of liquid crystal elastomers[J]. Advanced Materials, 35, 2209566(2023).

[52] LÓPEZ‐VALDEOLIVAS M, LIU D Q, BROER D J et al. 4D printed actuators with soft-robotic functions[J]. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 39, 1700710(2018).

[53] JAVADZADEH M, DEL BARRIO J, SÁNCHEZ-SOMOLINOS C. Melt electrowriting of liquid crystal elastomer scaffolds with programmed mechanical response[J]. Advanced Materials, 35, 2209244(2023).

[54] LUGGER S J D, CEAMANOS L, MULDER D J et al. 4D printing of supramolecular liquid crystal elastomer actuators fueled by light[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 8, 2201472(2023).

[55] JIN B J, LIU J Q, SHI Y P et al. Solvent-assisted 4D programming and reprogramming of liquid crystalline organogels[J]. Advanced Materials, 34, 2107855(2022).

[56] PENG X P, WU S, SUN X H et al. 4D printing of freestanding liquid crystal elastomers via hybrid additive manufacturing[J]. Advanced Materials, 34, 2204890(2022).

[57] MÜNCHINGER A, HSU L Y, FÜRNIß F et al. 3D optomechanical metamaterials[J]. Materials Today, 59, 9-17(2022).

[58] YANG S, LIU Y, LIANG T S. Band structures in the nematic elastomers phononic crystals[J]. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 506, 55-64(2017).

[59] WANG Y, LIU Y, ZHAO D et al. Light-tuning of band structures in liquid crystal elastomer phononic crystals[J]. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 633, 413728(2022).

[60] QIN J Y, WANG K, XU N et al. Tunable bandgaps of chiral phononic crystal with liquid crystal elastomer[J]. Modern Physics Letters B, 37, 2250215(2023).

[61] ZHANG M F, ZHANG J Y. Frontier applications of polymer-metal composites[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 40, 1581-1586(2023).

[62] JIANG X Y, WANG R R, SUN J. Conductive hydrogels and their applications in flexible electronic devices[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 51, 1381-1390(2023).

[63] LIU B Y, WANG R R, SUN J. Advances in visualization of flexible wearable sensors[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 51, 305-315(2023).

[64] KOTIKIAN A, MCMAHAN C, DAVIDSON E C et al. Untethered soft robotic matter with passive control of shape morphing and propulsion[J]. Science Robotics, 4, eaax7044(2019).

[65] ZHOU L, DAI Y T, FANG J G et al. Light-powered self-oscillation in liquid crystal elastomer auxetic metamaterials with large volume change[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 254, 108423(2023).

[66] MINORI A F, HE Q G, GLICK P E et al. Reversible actuation for self-folding modular machines using liquid crystal elastomer[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 29, 105003(2020).

[67] ROACH D J, KUANG X, YUAN C et al. Novel ink for ambient condition printing of liquid crystal elastomers for 4D printing[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 27, 125011(2018).

[68] KORPAS L M, YIN R, YASUDA H et al. Temperature-responsive multistable metamaterials[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13, 31163-31170(2021).

[69] HE Q G, YIN R, HUA Y C et al. A modular strategy for distributed, embodied control of electronics-free soft robots[J]. Science Advances, 9, eade9247(2023).

[70] ZHUANG X L, ZHANG W, WANG K M et al. Active terahertz beam steering based on mechanical deformation of liquid crystal elastomer metasurface[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 12, 14(2023).

[71] CHIANG W F, SILALAHI H M, CHIANG Y C et al. Continuously tunable intensity modulators with large switching contrasts using liquid crystal elastomer films that are deposited with terahertz metamaterials[J]. Optics Express, 28, 27676-27687(2020).

[72] LIU F, LIN Y Y, JIAO C J et al. Analysis of influence of structure of polyborosiloxane on impact properties of its styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer blends[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 51, 1993-2002(2023).

[73] JEON S Y, SHEN B J, TRAUGUTT N A et al. Synergistic energy absorption mechanisms of architected liquid crystal elastomers[J]. Advanced Materials, 34, 2200272(2022).