Fig. 1. The time evolution of intensity after signals of different peak intensities arrive at the camera sensor at the same time

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the cluster effect and declustering

Fig. 3. Time difference distribution of adjacent pixels from the same clusters

Fig. 4. Distribution of the position difference between the true center and fitted center with centroiding algorithm

Fig. 5. The relationship between the clusters' center ToT and the resolution of the cluster's center position located by centroiding algorithm/the sizes of clusters

Fig. 6. The photo and SIMION simulation of ion lens of velocity map imaging

Fig. 7. The effect of centroiding algorithm on electron 2D image and radial distribution

Fig. 8. The effect of centroiding algorithm on 2D image and ToA spectrum of N⁺ from Coulomb explosion

Fig. 9. Comparison of the covariance maps of radial distribution of ion images

Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of the densest signal area