Fig. 1. Schematic of direct molding V-groove by laser material reduction driven by electromagnetic composite field

Fig. 2. Three-dimensional shape of V-groove. (a) j=0 A·mm^-2, B=0 mT; (b) j=5 A·mm^-2, B=1200 mT

Fig. 3. Shape of upper end and contour line of bottom of V-groove

Fig. 4. Metallographic diagrams of cross section of V-groove. (a) j =0 A·mm^-2, B=0 mT; (b) j=5 A·mm^-2, B=1200 mT

Fig. 5. Effect of magnetic field intensity on V-groove morphology. (a) B=0 mT; (b) B=400 mT; (c) B=800 mT;(d) B=1200 mT

Fig. 6. Influence of magnetic field intensity on thickness of V-groove bottom remelting layer. (a) B=0 mT; (b) B=400 mT; (c) B=800 mT; (d) B=1200 mT

Fig. 7. Cross-section metallographic diagrams of material reduction area at different scanning speeds. (a) 6 mm/s; (b) 8 mm/s; (c) 10 mm/s

Fig. 8. Influence of laser power and scanning speed on V-groove morphology. (a) Effect on angle; (b) effect on depth; (c) effect on upper width of V-groove

Fig. 9. Material removal efficiency under different laser powers and scanning speeds

Fig. 10. Machining accuracy of V-groove. (a) Angle and roughness; (b) height of V-groove from bottom to surface

Fig. 11. Laser material reduction process without electromagnetic composite field

Fig. 12. Laser material reduction process driven by electromagnetic composite field

Fig. 13. Schematics of laser material reduction mechanism driven by electromagnetic composite field. (a) Schematic for force analysis of molten pool; (b) V-groove forming process