Fig. 1. Laser induced cell membrane rupture. (a) Thermal effect; (b) electroporation; (c) fluid shear force

Fig. 2. Diagram of light path of laser-induced cell transfection

Fig. 3. Laser-induced vacuoles for directionally shearing cell membrane. (a) Diagram of dual laser source inducing tandem bubbles; (b) interaction of two tandem microbubbles produces directional microjet that acts on cell; (c) single microbubble burst does not produce directional microjet

Fig. 4. Intracellular delivery by laser interacting with AuNPs. (a) Cells are incubated with cargo and AuNPs; (b) AuNPs and cells are irradiated by laser;(c) generation of heat transfer and nanobubble;(d) nanoholes formed on cell membrane instantaneously allow cargo to enter cell

Fig. 5. Working principle diagram of glass photofluidic probe system

Fig. 6. Laser illuminates substrate, metal on apical vertebra is activated to induce bubble to destroy cell membrane, so that extra-membrane cargo can enter cell, realizing intracellular delivery

Fig. 7. Biophotonic laser assisted surgical tool platform consists of a series of transmembrane arrays. Ti film in hole is excited by laser to induce bubble,damage cell membrane,and push cargo into cells through external pressure^[19]

Fig. 8. Ti absorbs energy of pulsed light to form vapor in tube, therefore generating local high velocity fluid to destroy cell membrane