Fig. 1. Working principle of kinoform. (a) Modulus; (b) quantization

Fig. 2. Phase modulation and quantization of VPG

Fig. 3. Diffraction efficiency as a function of diffraction angle for period gratings and variable period gratings

Fig. 4. Uniform phase modulation amount as a function of grey level for N_G=32

Fig. 5. The pointing error caused by the discrete phase of the liquid crystal phase array

Fig. 6. Quantitation phase distribution at θ=2.06′. The red and blue lines represent the ideal phase distribution and the phase distribution for N_G=32, respectively

Fig. 7. Relationship between the pointing error of uniform phase and the rotation angle

Fig. 8. Pointing error as a function of wavelength at the condition of P_S=17 μm, P_N=1024 and N_G =32

Fig. 9. Pointing error as a function of effective grey levels at the condition of λ=1.064 μm, P_S=17 μm and P_N=1024

Fig. 10. Pointing error as a function of pixel size at the condition of λ=1.064 μm, N_G=32 and P_N=1024

Fig. 11. Pointing error as a function of pixel number at the condition of λ=1.064 μm, N_G=32 and P_S=17 μm

Fig. 12. Simulation and calculation results for 10 sets of data. The left ordinate represents the pointing errors of simulation and computation and the right ordinate represents the deviation

Fig. 13. Nonuniform phase modulation as a function of effective grey levels

Fig. 14. Uniform and nonuniform quantitation phase distribution at θ=0.41′

Fig. 15. Pointing error of nonuniform phase as a function of rotation angle

Fig. 16. Difference of pointing errors between uniform and nonuniform phase at different rotation angles

Fig. 17. Quantitation phase distributions for uniform and nonuniform phase at θ=−0.02′

Fig. 18. Experimental optical layout

Fig. 19. Acquired optical spot images. (a) Without the driving voltage; (b) N_G=32; (c) N_G=64; (d) N_G=128; (e) N_G=256

Fig. 20. Experimental measurement results of the centroid of the light spot with 50 horizontal deflections

Fig. 21. Pointing error as a function of effective grey levels

Fig. 22. Acquired optical spot images when the pixel numbers are (a) 1024, (b) 702, (c) 512, (d) 320 and (e) 200

Fig. 23. Pointing error as a function of pixel number