[1] Luo J H, Yang Y, Wang Z Y et al. Localization algorithm for underwater sensor network: a review[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8, 13126-13144(2021).

[2] Shen Z W, Yin H X, Jing L Y et al. A cooperative routing protocol based on Q-learning for underwater optical-acoustic hybrid wireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 22, 1041-1050(2022).

[3] Xu J. Underwater wireless optical communication: why, what, and how?[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 17, 100007(2019).

[4] Liu L, Zhou J, Wang H D et al. Layered asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based underwater optical-wireless communication system[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 58, 2106005(2021).

[5] Wang X F, Yan C X, Wang X D et al. Design of zoom optical system for deep-sea detection with large field of view and high resolution[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 60, 0701002(2023).

[6] Cai Q Y, Feng Q, Chen G et al. Optical thin film technology for quantitative remote sensing on ocean color[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 2401001(2023).

[7] Liu X, Zhong F R, Ma X N et al. Design of an acquisition and tracking system for underwater optical dynamic communication based on servo control[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 51, 0206007(2024).

[8] Chang S, Chen H, Zhang P et al. Average channel capacity of hypergeometric Gaussian beams in absorbing anisotropic ocean turbulence[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 44, 2306005(2024).

[9] Liu Y Z, Chi K C, Lin S. Underwater image restoration based on background light estimation and transmittance optimization[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 57, 141010(2020).

[10] Sun S Y, Fan Z G, Zhang X D. Method on image simulation of cross-medium underwater light field for three-dimensional air-sea interface[J/OL]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 1-20. https:∥www.opticsjournal.net/Articles/L250573/EarlyPosting

[11] Saeed N, Al-Naffouri T Y, Alouini M S. Outlier detection and optimal anchor placement for 3-D underwater optical wireless sensor network localization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 67, 611-622(2019).

[12] Greenberg J N, Tan X B. Light-emitting diode-based optical localization of a robot in continuous motion using dynamic prediction[J]. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 144, 111005(2022).

[13] Zhang B, Zhong P, Yang F et al. Fast underwater optical beacon finding and high accuracy visual ranging method based on deep learning[J]. Sensors, 22, 7940(2022).

[14] Qin Q, Tian Y, Wang X. Three-dimensional UWSN positioning algorithm based on modified RSSI values[J]. Mobile Information Systems, 2021, 5554791(2021).

[15] Khan M W, Salman N, Kemp A H. Optimised hybrid localisation with cooperation in wireless sensor networks[J]. IET Signal Processing, 11, 341-348(2017).

[16] Saeed N, Celik A, Alouini M S et al. Performance analysis of connectivity and localization in multi-hop underwater optical wireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 18, 2604-2615(2019).

[17] Saeed N, Alouini M S, Al-Naffouri T Y. Accurate 3-D localization of selected smart objects in optical internet of underwater things[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7, 937-947(2020).

[18] Khalil R A, Saeed N, Babar M I et al. Bayesian multidimensional scaling for location awareness in hybrid-Internet of underwater things[J]. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 9, 496-509(2022).

[19] Salama W M, Aly M H, Amer E S. Optimized deep learning/Kalman filter-based underwater localization in VLC systems[J]. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 55, 216(2023).

[20] Zhang W B, Han G J, Wang X et al. A node location algorithm based on node movement prediction in underwater acoustic sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 69, 3166-3178(2020).

[21] Song S S, Liu J, Guo J N et al. Efficient velocity estimation and location prediction in underwater acoustic sensor networks[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9, 2984-2998(2022).

[22] Li Y, Liu M Q, Zhang S L et al. Node dynamic localization and prediction algorithm for Internet of underwater things[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9, 5380-5390(2022).

[23] Hao K, Xue Q X, Li C et al. A hybrid localization algorithm based on Doppler shift and AOA for an underwater mobile node[J]. IEEE Access, 8, 181662-181673(2020).

[24] Yuan Y L, Liang C C, Chen X et al. Adaptive fuzzy game-based energy-efficient localization in 3D underwater sensor networks[J]. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 22, 29(2022).

[25] Nain M, Goyal N, Awasthi L K et al. A range based node localization scheme with hybrid optimization for underwater wireless sensor network[J]. International Journal of Communication Systems, 35, e5147(2022).

[26] Li Y, Liu M Q, Zhang S L et al. Particle system-based ordinary nodes localization with delay compensation in UWSNs[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 22, 7157-7168(2022).

[27] Liu J H, Wei H D, Tian X L et al. Underwater acoustic positioning strategy and simulation for detection modules in deep-sea neutrino telescope[J/OL]. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1-13. https:∥doi.org/10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2024.403

[28] Sun T, Wang W, Gao J J et al. TOA/TOA-AOA passive localization methods in the presence of the sensor motion effect and unknown underwater acoustic signal propagation speed[J], 53, 409-419(2025).

[29] Su Y S, Wang X R, Fan R et al. Underwater mobile network localization mechanism based on self-correction of flexible arrays[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 53, 63-69(2025).

[30] Saeed N, Celik A, Alouini M S et al. Analysis of 3D localization in underwater optical wireless networks with uncertain anchor positions[J]. Science China Information Sciences, 63, 202305(2020).

[31] Zhang D, N’Doye I, Ballal T et al. Localization and tracking control using hybrid acoustic-optical communication for autonomous underwater vehicles[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 7, 10048-10060(2020).

[32] Zheng Y. Research and design of node autonomous localization in underwater optical wireless communication network towards dynamic environment[D](2022).

[33] Zhu R L, Li C, Yang M et al. Multi-branch network-based optical guidance and positioning method for autonomous underwater vehicles[J]. Scientia Sinica (Informationis), 55, 110-128(2025).

[34] Kerker M. Physical optics of ocean water[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 126, 386(1988).

[35] Sanya M F, Djogbe L, Vianou A et al. DC-biased optical OFDM for IM/DD passive optical network systems[J]. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 7, 205-214(2015).

[36] Yue P, Zhao P, Yi X et al. Performance analysis for multi-hop UOWC system over mixture Exponential-Gamma with two IM-DD fading channels[J]. Optics Communications, 459, 125012(2020).

[37] Vavoulas A, Sandalidis H G, Varoutas D. Underwater optical wireless networks: a k-connectivity analysis[J]. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 39, 801-809(2014).

[38] Corless R M, Gonnet G H, Hare D E G et al. On the Lambert W function[J]. Advances in Computational Mathematics, 5, 329-359(1996).

[39] Sharma G, Kumar A. Improved range-free localization for three-dimensional wireless sensor networks using genetic algorithm[J]. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 72, 808-827(2018).

[40] Mirjalili S, Mirjalili S M, Lewis A. Grey wolf optimizer[J]. Advances in Engineering Software, 69, 46-61(2014).

[41] Heidari A A, Pahlavani P. An efficient modified grey wolf optimizer with Lévy flight for optimization tasks[J]. Applied Soft Computing, 60, 115-134(2017).

[42] Zhao P J, Liu S Y. An improved symbiotic organisms search algorithm with good point set and memory mechanism[J]. The Journal of Supercomputing, 79, 11170-11197(2023).

[43] Breiman L. Random forests[J]. Machine learning, 45, 5-32(2001).

[44] Ali M F, Jayakody D N K, Li Y H. Recent trends in underwater visible light communication (UVLC) systems[J]. IEEE Access, 10, 22169-22225(2022).