Underwater Optical Image Enhancement Based on Degradation Characteristic Indices

Jinxiang Ma; Xinnan Fan; Chunjun Qian; Feng Wu; Ruxi Xiang

doi:10.3788/LOP241066

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 61, Issue 24, 2437004(2024)

Underwater Optical Image Enhancement Based on Degradation Characteristic Indices

Jinxiang Ma¹, Xinnan Fan^2、*, Chunjun Qian¹, Feng Wu¹, and Ruxi Xiang¹

Author Affiliations

¹School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213032, Jiangsu , China

²College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, Jiangsu , China

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Figures & Tables(28)

Fig. 1. Logical relationship of image restoration and enhancement algorithm for underwater optical image based on degradation characteristics

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Fig. 2. Flowchart of enhancement algorithm for underwater optical image based on degradation characteristics

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Fig. 3. BGLR operational characteristic. (a) Addition; (b) subtraction; (c) multiplication

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Fig. 4. Middle crack image and its corresponding histogram. (a) Middle crack image; (b) corresponding histogram

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Fig. 5. Characteristic restoration image of middle crack image. (a) Restoration of characteristic A; (b) restoration 1 of characteristic B and C; (c) restoration 2 of characteristic B and C

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Fig. 6. Adaptive gain enhancement images of middle crack image under different mean adaptive gradient gain. (a) 1.0731; (b) 1.2530; (c) 1.5054

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Fig. 7. Enhancement images of middle crack image by different algorithms. (a) DCP; (b) UDCP; (c) URetinex; (d) CLAHE; (e) Choi; (f) Galdran; (g) Meng; (h) TL; (i) Ucolor

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Fig. 8. Slope image and its corresponding histogram. (a) Slope image; (b) corresponding histogram

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Fig. 9. Different layered aperture image and uniform light correction image of slope image. (a) 5-layer aperture map; (b) 11-layer aperture map; (c) 23-layer aperture map; (d) 5-layer aperture correction image; (e) 11-layer aperture correction image; (f) 23-layer aperture correction image

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Fig. 10. Characteristic restoration images of slope image. (a) Restoration of characteristic A; (b) restoration 1 of characteristic A, B, and C; (c) restoration 2 of characteristic A, B, and C

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Fig. 11. Adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image under different mean adaptive gradient gain. (a) 1.0916; (b) 1.2871; (c) 1.5678

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Fig. 12. Enhancement results of slope image by different algorithms. (a) DCP; (b) UDCP; (c) URetinex; (d) CLAHE; (e) Choi; (f) Galdran; (g) Meng; (h) TL; (i) Ucolor

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Table 1. General scale parameters of middle crack image
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Table 1. General scale parameters of middle crack image
General scale parameter Value
Size /（pixel×pixel） 683×572
Mean 159.07
Contrast 6.15
Entropy 7.47
CM 42.04

Table 2. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of middle crack image
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Table 2. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of middle crack image
Degradation characteristic Characteristic parameter Value Result judgement
Non-uniform brightness $L_{d i f f e r e n c e}$ 155 Y
Low signal-to-noise ratio $D$ 2.38 Y
Narrow dynamic range $R_{d y n a m i c}$ /% 60.00 Y
Color distortion $ϑ$ 1.00 N

Table 3. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of characteristic restoration image for middle crack image

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Table 3. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of characteristic restoration image for middle crack image

Figure	General scale parameter				Evaluation index
Figure	Mean	Contrast	Entropy	CM	MSE	PSNR
Fig.5（a）	99.29	5.29	5.47	11.23	1501.33	16.39
Fig.5（b）	130.13	119.45	7.30	45.58	2424.74	14.42
Fig.5（c）	129.47	60.90	7.36	44.08	2017.25	15.23

Table 4. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of characteristic restoration image for middle crack image

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Table 4. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of characteristic restoration image for middle crack image

Figure	Non-uniform brightness		Low signal-to-noise ratio		Narrow dynamic range		Color distortion
Figure	$L_{d i f f e r e n c e}$	Result judgement	$D$	Result judgement	$R_{d y n a m i c}$ /%	Result judgement	$ϑ$	Result judgement
Fig.5（a）	27	N	1.84	Y	15.69	Y	0.92	N
Fig.5（b）	11	N	0.36	N	74.90	N	1.00	N
Fig.5（c）	28	N	0.58	N	62.75	N	1.00	N

Table 5. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of adaptive gain enhancement images for middle crack image

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Table 5. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of adaptive gain enhancement images for middle crack image

Figure	General scale parameter				Evaluation index
Figure	Mean	Contrast	Entropy	CM	MSE	PSNR
Fig.6（a）	129.91	71.98	7.45	46.33	10.24	38.03
Fig.6（b）	130.10	86.27	7.58	50.74	38.50	32.28
Fig.6（c）	130.25	107.35	7.71	56.31	114.72	27.54

Table 6. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of adaptive gain enhancement images for middle crack image

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Table 6. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of adaptive gain enhancement images for middle crack image

Figure	Non-uniform brightness		Low signal-to-noise ratio		Narrow dynamic range		Color distortion
Figure	$L_{d i f f e r e n c e}$	Result judgement	$D$	Result judgement	$R_{d y n a m i c}$ /%	Result judgement	$ϑ$	Result judgement
Fig.6（a）	37	N	0.47	N	65.10	N	1.00	N
Fig.6（b）	40	N	0.42	N	70.20	N	1.00	N
Fig.6（c）	44	N	0.37	N	76.08	N	1.01	N

Table 7. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of middle crack enhancement images by different algorithms

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Table 7. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of middle crack enhancement images by different algorithms

Algorithm	General scale parameter				Evaluation index
Algorithm	Mean	Contrast	Entropy	CM	MSE	PSNR
DCP	71.91	17.94	7.14	36.66	8305.41	8.94
UDCP	64.82	19.02	7.05	36.38	9454.86	8.38
URetinex	116.49	13.16	7.76	38.42	2105.62	14.99
CLAHE	128.16	31.50	7.16	25.99	1791.48	15.68
Choi	97.34	27.28	7.31	38.06	4533.95	11.63
Galdran	109.91	20.85	7.57	25.83	2649.13	13.91
Meng	81.65	36.40	6.92	35.87	7059.81	9.65
TL	107.71	26.34	7.68	30.37	2961.87	13.45
Ucolor	127.41	10.12	7.60	32.71	1077.43	17.82

Table 8. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of middle crack enhancement images by different algorithms

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Table 8. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of middle crack enhancement images by different algorithms

Algorithm	Non-uniform brightness		Low signal-to-noise ratio		Narrow dynamic range		Color distortion
Algorithm	$L_{d i f f e r e n c e}$	Result judgement	$D$	Result judgement	$R_{d y n a m i c}$ /%	Result judgement	$ϑ$	Result judgement
DCP	115	Y	0.66	Y	52.94	Y	1.04	N
UDCP	136	Y	0.57	N	61.18	N	1.09	N
URetinex	176	Y	1.29	Y	72.94	N	1.00	N
CLAHE	96	Y	1.11	Y	47.84	Y	1.00	N
Choi	151	Y	0.48	N	87.45	N	1.06	N
Galdran	158	Y	0.95	Y	66.27	N	1.04	N
Meng	87	Y	0.55	N	44.31	Y	1.04	N
TL	179	Y	0.77	Y	75.29	N	1.04	N
Ucolor	161	Y	1.42	Y	65.10	N	1.03	N

Table 9. General scale parameters of slope image
View table
Table 9. General scale parameters of slope image
General scale parameter Value
Size/（pixel × pixel） 1279 × 685
Mean 171.10
Contrast 30.77
Entropy 6.46
CM 32.39

Table 10. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of slope image
View table
Table 10. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of slope image
Degradation characteristic Characteristic parameter Value Result judgement
Non-uniform brightness $L_{d i f f e r e n c e}$ 65 Y
Low signal-to-noise ratio $D$ 0.62 Y
Narrow dynamic range $R_{d y n a m i c}$ /% 29.41 Y
Color distortion $ϑ$ 0.66 Y

Table 11. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of characteristic restoration images for slope image

View table

Table 11. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of characteristic restoration images for slope image

Figure	General scale parameter				Evaluation index
Figure	Mean	Contrast	Entropy	CM	MSE	PSNR
Fig.10（a）	172.29	10.86	6.20	30.12	95.85	29.05
Fig.10 （b）	127.98	116.65	7.58	41.57	128.59	Inf
Fig.10 （c）	128.59	172.61	7.75	50.89	274.43	35.43

Table 12. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of characteristic restoration images for slope image

View table

Table 12. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of characteristic restoration images for slope image

Figure	Non-uniform brightness		Low signal-to-noise ratio		Narrow dynamic range		Color distortion
Figure	$L_{d i f f e r e n c e}$	Result judgement	$D$	Result judgement	$R_{d y n a m i c}$ /%	Result judgement	$ϑ$	Result judgement
Fig.10（a）	13	N	0.71	Y	25.88	Y	0.66	Y
Fig.10（b）	22	N	0.37	N	63.92	N	1.00	N
Fig.10（c）	30	N	0.27	N	78.43	N	1.00	N

Table 13. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image

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Table 13. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image

Figure	General scale parameter				Evaluation index
Figure	Mean	Contrast	Entropy	CM	MSE	PSNR
Fig.11（a）	128.65	210.37	7.80	53.51	11.24	37.64
Fig.11（b）	129.50	253.87	7.87	58.08	57.35	30.55
Fig.11（c）	130.67	316.25	7.89	63.81	183.34	25.50

Table 14. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image

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Table 14. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image

Figure	Non-uniform brightness		Low signal-to-noise ratio		Narrow dynamic range		Color distortion
Figure	$L_{d i f f e r e n c e}$	Result judgement	$D$	Result judgement	$R_{d y n a m i c}$ /%	Result judgement	$ϑ$	Result judgement
Fig.11（a）	22	N	0.25	N	80.00	N	1.00	N
Fig.11（b）	26	N	0.23	N	84.71	N	1.00	N
Fig.11（c）	24	N	0.21	N	89.80	N	1.00	N

Table 15. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of slope enhancement results by different algorithms

View table

Table 15. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of slope enhancement results by different algorithms

Algorithm	General scale parameter				Evaluation index
Algorithm	Mean	Contrast	Entropy	CM	MSE	PSNR
DCP	120.78	68.21	6.87	29.45	2988.49	14.43
UDCP	93.01	200.31	6.84	41.54	7211.94	9.58
URetinex	100.21	219.66	7.75	40.82	7825.33	10.27
CLAHE	128.71	207.96	7.52	35.57	3284.41	14.75
Choi	100.66	140.01	6.60	31.08	6536.08	11.05
Galdran	101.87	89.64	6.98	21.90	5075.44	11.10
Meng	125.85	153.17	7.06	38.51	2731.46	14.71
TL	105.87	81.91	6.68	27.95	5002.60	12.06
Ucolor	146.06	86.24	7.16	31.17	1304.91	19.40

Table 16. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of slope enhancement results by different algorithms

View table

Table 16. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of slope enhancement results by different algorithms

Algorithm	Non-uniform brightness		Low signal-to-noise ratio		Narrow dynamic range		Color distortion
Algorithm	$L_{d i f f e r e n c e}$	Result judgement	$D$	Result judgement	$R_{d y n a m i c}$ /%	Result judgement	$ϑ$	Result judgement
DCP	47	N	0.22	N	39.61	Y	0.34	Y
UDCP	100	Y	0.16	N	69.80	N	0.40	Y
URetinex	121	Y	0.24	N	75.69	N	0.99	N
CLAHE	72	Y	0.31	N	61.57	N	0.92	N
Choi	49	N	0.16	N	53.73	Y	0.13	Y
Galdran	73	Y	0.20	N	48.24	Y	0.46	Y
Meng	68	Y	0.19	N	45.49	Y	0.36	Y
TL	75	Y	0.19	N	45.10	Y	0.23	Y
Ucolor	99	Y	0.48	N	47.84	Y	0.86	N

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Jinxiang Ma, Xinnan Fan, Chunjun Qian, Feng Wu, Ruxi Xiang. Underwater Optical Image Enhancement Based on Degradation Characteristic Indices[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(24): 2437004

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Paper Information

Category: Digital Image Processing

Received: Apr. 9, 2024

Accepted: Apr. 29, 2024

Published Online: Dec. 16, 2024

The Author Email: Xinnan Fan (fanxn@hhuc.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/LOP241066

CSTR:32186.14.LOP241066

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. General scale parameters of middle crack image

Table 1. General scale parameters of middle crack image

Table 2. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of middle crack image

Table 2. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of middle crack image

Table 3. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of characteristic restoration image for middle crack image

Table 3. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of characteristic restoration image for middle crack image

Table 4. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of characteristic restoration image for middle crack image

Table 4. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of characteristic restoration image for middle crack image

Table 5. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of adaptive gain enhancement images for middle crack image

Table 5. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of adaptive gain enhancement images for middle crack image

Table 6. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of adaptive gain enhancement images for middle crack image

Table 6. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of adaptive gain enhancement images for middle crack image

Table 7. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of middle crack enhancement images by different algorithms

Table 7. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of middle crack enhancement images by different algorithms

Table 8. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of middle crack enhancement images by different algorithms

Table 8. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of middle crack enhancement images by different algorithms

Table 9. General scale parameters of slope image

Table 9. General scale parameters of slope image

Table 10. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of slope image

Table 10. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of slope image

Table 11. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of characteristic restoration images for slope image

Table 11. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of characteristic restoration images for slope image

Table 12. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of characteristic restoration images for slope image

Table 12. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of characteristic restoration images for slope image

Table 13. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image

Table 13. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image

Table 14. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image

Table 14. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of adaptive gain enhancement images of slope image

Table 15. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of slope enhancement results by different algorithms

Table 15. General scale parameters and evaluation indices of slope enhancement results by different algorithms

Table 16. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of slope enhancement results by different algorithms

Table 16. Degradation characteristic parameters and its results judgement of slope enhancement results by different algorithms