Fig. 1. Roadmap of the metasurface for electromagnetic polarization manipulations

Fig. 2. Polarization conversion along propagation direction. (a) A framework of the variable polarization optics along the propagation path^[44]; (b) longitudinal patterns of the generated pencil-like beam for each incident polarization in the inset, the input shows the central point of on-axis intensity distribution moves further from the source when polarization is rotated from 0° to 90°^[44]; (c) longitudinally variable cylindrical vector optical field generation^[30]; (d) basic building blocks and SEM image of the monolayer metasurface^[30]; (e) measured intensity profiles on various z-planes with different incident polarization orientations^[30], scale bar: 20 μm

Fig. 3. Generator of vector vortex beam. (a)-(c) OAM generators based on catenary arrays^[37]; (d)-(g) polarimetric switching TAM plate enables arbitrary spin-orbit coupling in 3D space^[72]

Fig. 4. Vectorial holography and encryption. (a) Metasurface design sketch for breaking the polarization multiplexing constraint^[77]; (b) metasurface morphology and experimental demonstration of the holographic images at 11 linear polarization states^[77]; (c) full-color vectorial holography for optical encryption and dynamic display^[86]; (d) schematics of a meta-optics-empowered decryption camera for vector VC, which is composed of spin-decoupled dual-axis metalens and a vector polarization sensor^[87]

Fig. 5. Polarization measurement and imaging. (a) Continuous wide-band achromatic imaging polarimeter^[95], the dashed box shows the principle of polarization dependent phase optimization; (b) schematic of high-precision wide-band polarimeter based on deep learning algorithm and broadband Stokes parameter detection performance^[96]; (c) schematic of metagrating full Stokes polarization camera^[91]; (d) polarization imaging makes use of the measured S₃Stokes component^[91]

Fig. 6. Dynamic metasurface platform. (a) Metasurface integrated with electrically adjustable liquid crystal to achieve dynamic wavefront shaping^[108]; (b) framework of spatiotemporal coded metasurface for dynamic construction of arbitrarily polarized multi-beams^[109]