Fig. 1. Cross-section of hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF)

Fig. 2. Impact of the outer cladding tube diameter on confinement loss and single-mode characteristics

Fig. 3. Impact of elliptical tubes on fiber loss and single-mode characteristics

Fig. 4. Impact of nested resonant tubes and glass rods on loss and single-mode characteristics

Fig. 5. Trends of fundamental mode confinement loss and single-mode characteristics under different wavelengths

Fig. 6. Impact of the glass rod thickness (t₂) on the single polarization characteristic

Fig. 7. Electric field distribution of the fundamental mode when t₂=2.93 μm

Fig. 8. PER and confinement loss (CL) characteristics of fiber varying with wavelength

Fig. 9. Effect of bending radius on loss

Fig. 10. Electric field distribution of the fundamental mode when bending along the x-axis with R_b=4 cm

Fig. 11. Electric field distribution of the fundamental mode when bending in the positive direction along the y-axis with R_b=6 cm

Fig. 12. Electric field distribution of the fundamental mode when bending in the negative direction along the y-axis with R_b=9 cm