Few-Shot Classification of Laser-Printing Toner Using Infrared Spectroscopy

Fig. 2. ROC and AUC of toner’s PLS-DA model. (a) Testing set ratio is 1/5; (b) testing set ratio is 1/4; (c) testing set ratio is 1/3; (d) testing set ratio is 1/2

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Fig. 3. ROC and AUC of toner’s SVM model. (a) Testing set ratio is 1/5; (b) testing set ratio is 1/4; (c) testing set ratio is 1/3; (d) testing set ratio is 1/2

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Fig. 4. ROC and AUC of toner’s RF model. (a) Testing set ratio is 1/5; (b) testing set ratio is 1/4; (c) testing set ratio is 1/3; (d) testing set ratio is 1/2

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Fig. 5. All training samples’ 3D score plot of PLS-DA model

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Fig. 6. S1 and S3 training samples’ 3D score plot of PLS-DA model

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Fig. 7. Variable influence on projection (VIP) of toner’s PLS-DA model

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Table 1. Information of laser printers

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Table 1. Information of laser printers

Samples’ number	Brand	Type	Type of toner cartridge
S1	HP	M202n	C0388C
S2	Canon	LBP6018L	CRG 925
S3	Canon	LBP6230DN	CRG 326
S4	FUJI XEROX	P268B	CT202331
S5	HP	M226DN	C388A*
S6	HP	M227	C0388C
S7	HP	P1106	CF230A
S8	FUJI XEROX	M188w	DR1035

Table 2. Performance comparison of spectral preprocessing methods

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Table 2. Performance comparison of spectral preprocessing methods

Preprocessing method	Number of main components	R2Y	Q2	Accuracy
None	12	0.865	0.747	0.875
FD	4	0.529	0.495	0.792
SD	10	0.921	0.810	1.000
MSC	9	0.713	0.639	0.833
SNV	3	0.398	0.386	0.500
SG	12	0.857	0.773	0.917
FG+MSC	11	0.871	0.761	1.000
SD+MSC	10	0.921	0.810	1.000
FD+SNV	5	0.614	0.560	0.958
SD+SNV	11	0.927	0.729	1.000
FD+SG	4	0.529	0.496	0.750
SD+SG	11	0.938	0.814	1.000
FD+MSC+SG	11	0.867	0.758	1.000
SD+MSC+SG	4	0.504	0.488	0.792
FD+SNV+SG	5	0.614	0.559	0.958
SD+SNV+SG	11	0.923	0.744	1.000

Table 3. Micro-average AUC of different toner discriminant models
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Table 3. Micro-average AUC of different toner discriminant models
Testing set ratio PLS-DA SVM RF
1/5 1.000 0.961 0.999
1/4 1.000 0.953 0.998
1/3 0.998 0.942 0.977
1/2 0.994 0.934 0.972

Table 4. Testing accuracy of different toner discriminant models
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Table 4. Testing accuracy of different toner discriminant models
Testing set ratio PLS-DA SVM RF
1/5 1.000 0.875 0.917
1/4 1.000 0.900 0.900
1/3 0.983 0.917 0.917
1/2 0.950 0.850 0.933

Table 5. Micro-average AUC of models based on full spectrum and VIP spectrum

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Table 5. Micro-average AUC of models based on full spectrum and VIP spectrum

Testing set ratio	Full spectrum PLS-DA	VIP spectrum PLS-DA	Full spectrum SVM	VIP spectrum SVM	Full spectrum RF	VIP spectrum RF
1/5	1.000	0.995	0.961	0.984	0.999	0.998
1/4	1.000	0.994	0.953	0.980	0.998	0.998
1/3	0.998	0.993	0.942	0.975	0.977	0.996
1/2	0.994	0.984	0.934	0.972	0.972	0.994

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Si Shen, Meng Liu. Few-Shot Classification of Laser-Printing Toner Using Infrared Spectroscopy[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2022, 59(19): 1930005

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