Fig. 1. Experimental area and Sentinel-2 images

Fig. 2. $\mathbf{P}\mathbf{C}\mathbf{A}\mathrm{1}$， $\mathbf{N}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{M}\mathbf{B}\mathbf{W}\mathbf{I}$ and $\mathbf{S}\mathbf{I}$ of differen land covers

Fig. 3. NSI box diagram of shadow area， light area， water body and other land covers

Fig. 4. Two-dimensional spatial distribution of NSI and NDVI of shadow pixels

Fig. 5. Distribution of sample points

Fig. 6. Terrain shadow results extracted by different methods are amplified in detail

Fig. 7. The reflectance Range， Standard Deviation and Variation Coefficient of terrain shadow regions extracted by different methods

Fig. 8. Terrain shadow results

Fig. 9. Topographic shadow extraction results of different phases and study areas

Fig. 10. Topographic shadow extraction results in thick cloud region