[1] [1] MATTHIAS B T, REMEIKA J P. Ferroelectricity in the ilmenite structure［J］. Physical Review, 1949, 76(12): 1886-1887.

[2] [2] PETERSON G E, BALLMAN A A, LENZO P V, et al. Electro-optic properties of LiNbO3［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 1964, 5(3): 62-64.

[3] [3] SMITH R G, NASSAU K, GALVIN M F. Efficient continuous optical second-harmonic generation［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 1965, 7(10): 256-258.

[4] [4] NASSAU K, LEVINSTEIN H J, LOIACONO G M. Ferroelectric lithium niobate. 1. Growth, domain structure, dislocations and etching［J］. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 1966, 27(6/7): 983-988.

[5] [5] NASSAU K, LEVINSTEIN H J, LOIACONO G M. Ferroelectric lithium niobate. 2. Preparation of single domain crystals［J］. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 1966, 27(6/7): 989-996.

[6] [6] THIRUMAVALAVAN M, SITHARAMAN S, RAVI S, et al. Growth of large diameter lithium niobate single crystals by czochralski method［J］. Ferroelectrics, 1990, 102(1): 15-22.

[7] [7] POPESCU S T, PETRIS A, VLAD V I. Interferometric measurement of the pyroelectric coefficient in lithium niobate［J］. Journal of Applied Physics, 2013, 113(4): 043101-043104.

[8] [8] LEIDINGER M, FIEBERG S, WAASEM N, et al. Comparative study on three highly sensitive absorption measurement techniques characterizing lithium niobate over its entire transparent spectral range［J］. Optics Express, 2015, 23(17): 21690-21705.

[9] [9] SMOLENSKII G A, KRAINIK N N, KHUCHUA N P, et al. The curie temperature of LiNbO3［J］. Physica Status Solidi B Basic Research, 1966, 13(2): 309-314.

[10] [10] YANG J F, HUANG C X, SUN J, et al. Study on precise determination of lithium content in the LiNbO3 crystals［J］. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2014, 43(4): 738-742 (in Chinese).

[11] [11] WEIS R S, GAYLORD T K. Lithium niobate: summary of physical properties and crystal structure［J］. Applied Physics A, 1985, 37(4): 191-203.

[12] [12] ANDRUSHCHAK A S, CHERNYHIVSKY E M, GOTRA Z Y, et al. Spatial anisotropy of the acousto-optical efficiency in lithium niobate crystals［J］. Journal of Applied Physics, 2010, 108(10): 103118-103122.

[13] [13] JIN M W, CHEN J Y, SUA Y M, et al. Efficient electro-optical modulation on thin-film lithium niobate［J］. Optics Letters, 2021, 46(8): 1884-1887.

[14] [14] WANG C, ZHANG M, CHEN X, et al. Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages［J］. Nature, 2018, 562: 101-104.

[15] [15] WANG C, ZHANG M, STERN B, et al. Nanophotonic lithium niobate electro-optic modulators［J］. Optics Express, 2018, 26(2): 1547-1555.

[16] [16] JIN M W, CHEN J Y, SUA Y M, et al. High-extinction electro-optic modulation on lithium niobate thin film［J］. Optics Letters, 2019, 44(5): 1265-1268.

[17] [17] BAZZAN M, SADA C. Optical waveguides in lithium niobate: recent developments and applications［J］. Applied Physics Reviews, 2015, 2(4): 040603.

[18] [18] CHEN Z Y, CHENG J X, CHEN H X, et al. High performance Zn diffused Mg doped LN crystal ridge waveguide devices［J］. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2022, 51(11): 1823-1829 (in Chinese).

[19] [19] HONARDOOST A, ABDELSALAM K, FATHPOUR S. Rejuvenating a versatile photonic material: thin-film lithium niobate［J］. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2020, 14(9): 2000088.

[20] [20] BETTS R A, PITT C W. Growth of thin-film lithium niobate by molecular beam epitaxy［J］. Electronics Letters, 1985, 21(21): 960.

[21] [21] MYERS L E, BOSENBERG W R. Periodically poled lithium niobate and quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators［J］. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1997, 33(10): 1663-1672.

[22] [22] NIU Y R, YAN X, CHEN J X, et al. Research progress on periodically poled lithium niobate for nonlinear frequency conversion［J］. Infrared Physics & Technology, 2022, 125: 104243.

[23] [23] SHANDAROV S M, MANDEL A E, ANDRIANOVA A V, et al. Linear diffraction of light waves in periodically poled lithium niobate crystal［J］. Ferroelectrics, 2017, 508(1): 49-57.

[24] [24] ZHANG M, BUSCAINO B, WANG C, et al. Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator［J］. Nature, 2019, 568: 373-377.

[25] [25] XU M Y, HE M B, ZHU Y T, et al. Flat optical frequency comb generator based on integrated lithium niobate modulators［J］. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2022, 40(2): 339-345.

[26] [26] WANG X H, JIA K P, CHEN M W, et al. 2 μm optical frequency comb generation via optical parametric oscillation from a lithium niobate optical superlattice box resonator［J］. Photonics Research, 2022, 10(2): 509-515.

[27] [27] WIDIYATMOKO B, IMAI K, KOUROGI M, et al. Second-harmonic generation of an optical frequency comb at 1.55 μm with periodically poled lithium niobate［J］. Optics Letters, 1999, 24(5): 315-317.

[28] [28] ZHU D, SHAO L B, YU M J, et al. Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate［J］. Advances in Optics and Photonics, 2021, 13(2): 242-352.

[29] [29] QI Y F, LI Y. Integrated lithium niobate photonics［J］. Nanophotonics, 2020, 9(6): 1287-1320.

[30] [30] VAZIMALI M G, FATHPOUR S. Applications of thin-film lithium niobate in nonlinear integrated photonics［J］. Advanced Photonics, 2022, 4(3): 034001.

[31] [31] TIAN X H, SHANG M H, ZHU S N, et al. Lithium niobate based photonic quantum devices and integration technology: opportunities and challenges［J］. Physics, 2023, 52(8): 534-541 (in Chinese).

[32] [32] CHENG Y. Thin-film lithium niobate optoelectronic devices and ultra-large-scale photonic integration［J］. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(1): 0119002 (in Chinese).

[33] [33] LIU H X, PAN B C, HUANG Y S, et al. Ultra-compact lithium niobate photonic chip for high-capacity and energy-efficient wavelength-division-multiplexing transmitters［J］. Light: Advanced Manufacturing, 2023, 4(2): 1.

[34] [34] ESIN A A, AKHMATKHANOV A R, SHUR V Y. The electronic conductivity in single crystals of lithium niobate and lithium tantalate family［J］. Ferroelectrics, 2016, 496(1): 102-109.

[35] [35] MANSINGH A, DHAR A. The AC conductivity and dielectric constant of lithium niobate single crystals［J］. Journal of Physics D Applied Physics, 1985, 18(10): 2059-2071.

[36] [36] SHEN X G, XU Y, DONG Y, et al. Thin-film lithium niobate-silicon nitride electro-optic modulator based on embedded filling layer［J］. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(14): 1413001 (in Chinese).

[37] [37] ZHANG S G, YAO J H, LI Y N, et al. Experimental research on congruent LiNbO3 waveguide fabricated by femtosecond laser pulses［J］. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2009, 38(1): 26-29 (in Chinese).

[38] [38] QIU W T, NDAO A, VILA V C, et al. Fano resonance-based highly sensitive, compact temperature sensor on thin film lithium niobate［J］. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(6): 1106-1109.

[39] [39] ABRAHAMS S C, MARSH P. Defect structure dependence on composition in lithium niobate［J］. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 1986, 42(1): 61-68.

[40] [40] XUE D, KITAMURA K. Crystallographic structure and ferroelectric lithium niobate［J］. Transactions-Materials Research Society Of Japan, 2003, 28(4): 1191.

[41] [41] IYI N, KITAMURA K, IZUMI F, et al. Comparative study of defect structures in lithium niobate with different compositions［J］. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 1992, 101(2): 340-352.

[42] [42] SAFARYAN F P, FEIGELSON R S, PETROSYAN A M. An approach to the defect structure analysis of lithium niobate single crystals［J］. Journal of Applied Physics, 1999, 85(12): 8079-8082.

[43] [43] LAURIA S, SALEH M F. Mixing second- and third-order nonlinear interactions in nanophotonic lithium-niobate waveguides［J］. Physical Review A, 2022, 105(4): 043511.

[44] [44] WEI D Z, WANG C W, WANG H J, et al. Experimental demonstration of a three-dimensional lithium niobate nonlinear photonic crystal［J］. Nature Photonics, 2018, 12: 596-600.

[45] [45] JI L, YU J, NI W J, et al. Numerical analysis of geometric parameters in periodic electric poled lithium niobate［J］. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2005, 34(5): 920-925 (in Chinese).

[46] [46] CHEN H W, HU X P, ZHU S N. Optical superlattice: from bulk to thin film［J］. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2022, 51(9-10): 1527-1534. (in Chinese).

[47] [47] HU Y Z, HUANG Z J, ZENG X Z, et al. Resonant nonlinear nanostructured grating in an unstructured lithium niobate on insulator platform［J］. Optical Materials Express, 2023, 13(10): 2904.

[48] [48] HUANG Z J, LUO K W, FENG Z W, et al. Resonant enhancement of second harmonic generation in etchless thin film lithium niobate heteronanostructure［J］. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 2022, 65(10): 104211.

[49] [49] ROUSSEY M, BERNAL M P, COURJAL N, et al. Electro-optic effect exaltation on lithium niobate photonic crystals due to slow photons［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 2006, 89(24): 241110.

[50] [50] CHIRAKADZE A, MACHAVARIANI S, NATSVLISHVILI A, et al. Dispersion of the linear electro-optic effect in lithium niobate［J］. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 1990, 23(9): 1216-1218.

[51] [51] SHANG J M, CHEN H J, SUI Z, et al. Electro-optic high-speed optical beam shifting based on a lithium niobate tapered waveguide［J］. Optics Express, 2022, 30(9): 14530-14537.

[52] [52] XU Y, ZHENG K P, SHANG J M, et al. Wavefront shaping for reconfigurable beam steering in lithium niobate multimode waveguide［J］. Optics Letters, 2022, 47(2): 329-332.

[53] [53] KOSOROTOV V F, KREMENCHUGSKIJ L S, LEVASH L V, et al. Tertiary pyroelectric effect in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate crystals［J］. Ferroelectrics, 1986, 70(1): 27-37.

[54] [54] KITAMURA K, HATANO H, TAKEKAWA S, et al. Large pyroelectric effect in Fe-doped lithium niobate induced by a high-power short-pulse laser［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(8): 082903.

[55] [55] BHOWMICK S, IODICE M, GIOFFR M, et al. Investigation of pyroelectric fields generated by lithium niobate crystals through integrated microheaters［J］. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2017, 261: 140-150.

[56] [56] YAMADA T, NIIZEKI N, TOYODA H. Piezoelectric and elastic properties of lithium niobate single crystals［J］. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1967, 6(2): 151.

[57] [57] BOES A, CHANG L, LANGROCK C, et al. Lithium niobate photonics: unlocking the electromagnetic spectrum［J］. Science, 2023, 379(6627): eabj4396.

[58] [58] XU X D, GABOR N M, ALDEN J S, et al. Photo-thermoelectric effect at a graphene interface junction［J］. Nano Letters, 2010, 10(2): 562-566.

[59] [59] YUAN H T, LIU X G, AFSHINMANESH F, et al. Polarization-sensitive broadband photodetector using a black phosphorus vertical p-n junction［J］. Nature Nanotechnology, 2015, 10: 707-713.

[60] [60] YANG H, TAN C W, DENG C Y, et al. Bolometric effect in Bi2O2Se photodetectors［J］. Small, 2019, 15(43): 1904482.

[61] [61] XIE H R, YANG T F, XIE M Y, et al. Dual-crossbar configurated Bi2O2Se device for multiple optoelectronic applications［J］. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2024: 2301129.

[62] [62] HU S Q, TIAN R J, GAN X T. Two-dimensional material photodetector for hybrid silicon photonics［J］. Chinese Optics, 2021, 14(5): 1039-1055 (in Chinese).

[63] [63] LIANG X J, GUAN H Y, LUO K W, et al. Van der waals integrated LiNbO3/WS2 for high-performance UV-vis-NIR photodetection［J］. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2023, 17(10): 2300286.

[64] [64] DONG H, RAN C X, GAO W Y, et al. Metal halide perovskite for next-generation optoelectronics: progresses and prospects［J］. eLight, 2023, 3(1): 3.

[65] [65] DESIATOV B, LONCˇAR M. Silicon photodetector for integrated lithium niobate photonics［J］. Applied Physics Letters, 2019, 115(12): 121108.

[66] [66] ZHANG X, LIU X Y, MA R, et al. Heterogeneously integrated III-V-on-lithium niobate broadband light sources and photodetectors［J］. Optics Letters, 2022, 47(17): 4564-4567.

[67] [67] GUO X W, SHAO L B, HE L Y, et al. High-performance modified uni-traveling carrier photodiode integrated on a thin-film lithium niobate platform［J］. Photonics Research, 2022, 10(6): 1338.

[68] [68] XUE Y, WU X X, CHEN K X, et al. Waveguide integrated high-speed black phosphorus photodetector on a thin film lithium niobate platform［J］. Optical Materials Express, 2023, 13(1): 272.

[69] [69] WANG S F, CHAPMAN R J, JOHNSON B C, et al. Integration of black phosphorus photoconductors with lithium niobate on insulator photonics［J］. Advanced Optical Materials, 2023, 11(2): 2201688.

[70] [70] ZHU S, ZHANG Y W, REN Y, et al. Waveguide-integrated two-dimensional material photodetectors in thin-film lithium niobate［J］. Advanced Photonics Research, 2023, 4(7): 2370015.

[71] [71] WEI C, YU Y R, WANG Z Y, et al. Ultra-wideband waveguide-coupled photodiodes on a thin-film lithium niobate platform［J］. Light: Advanced Manufacturing, 2023: 07861.

[72] [72] CHEN J M, LU S J, HU Y T, et al. Ultrasensitive bidirectional photoresponse SnSe2 photodetector integration with thin-film lithium niobate photonics［J］. Advanced Optical Materials, 2023: 2301543.

[73] [73] HUANG T J, MA C C. Characterization of response of ZnO/LiNbO3-based surface acoustic wave delay line photodetector［J］. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2008, 47(8R): 6507.

[74] [74] BAEUMER C, SALDANA-GRECO D, MARTIREZ J M P, et al. Ferroelectrically driven spatial carrier density modulation in graphene［J］. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6136.

[75] [75] GOPALAN K K, JANNER D, NANOT S, et al. Mid-infrared pyroresistive graphene detector on LiNbO3［J］. Advanced Optical Materials, 2016: 1600723.

[76] [76] SASSI U, PARRET R, NANOT S, et al. Graphene-based mid-infrared room-temperature pyroelectric bolometers with ultrahigh temperature coefficient of resistance［J］. Nature Communications, 2017, 8: 14311.

[77] [77] SHIMATANI M, OGAWA S, FUKUSHIMA S, et al. Enhanced photogating via pyroelectric effect induced by insulator layer for high-responsivity long-wavelength infrared graphene-based photodetectors operating at room temperature［J］. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(2): 025001.

[78] [78] GUAN H Y, HONG J Y, WANG X L, et al. Broadband, high-sensitivity graphene photodetector based on ferroelectric polarization of lithium niobate［J］. Advanced Optical Materials, 2021, 9(16): 2100245.

[79] [79] ALWAZNY M S, ISMAIL R A, SALIM E T. High-quantum efficiency of Au@LiNbO3 core-shell nano composite as a photodetector by two-step laser ablation in liquid［J］. Applied Physics A, 2022, 128(6): 500.

[80] [80] SUN X L, SHENG Y, GAO X, et al. Self-powered lithium niobate thin-film photodetectors［J］. Small, 2022, 18(35): e2203532.

[81] [81] HE Z G, GUAN H Y, LIANG X J, et al. Broadband, polarization-sensitive, and self-powered high-performance photodetection of hetero-integrated MoS2 on lithium niobate［J］. Research, 2023, 6: 0199.

[82] [82] JIN C Y, WANG C X, QU L, et al. Fast lithium niobate photodetector［J］. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2023, 17(12): 2300503.