Fig. 1. Schematic of laser peen forming

Fig. 2. Working diagram of laser peen forming

Fig. 3. Schematic of arc height measurement

Fig. 4. Forming diagram of single-curvature parts. (a) Laser shock mode; (b) spot overlap

Fig. 5. Images of single-curvature parts formed by laser peen forming

Fig. 6. Arc heights of single-curvature parts with different thickness plates versus laser energy. (a) d1=1 mm; (b) d2=2 mm; d3=3 mm

Fig. 7. Bending mechanisms of laser peen forming. (a) Stress gradient mechanism; (b) shock bending mechanism

Fig. 8. Effect of shock area on arc height of single-curvature part

Fig. 9. Effect of coverage rate on arc height of single-curvature part

Fig. 10. Forming diagram of S-shaped double-curvature special-shaped parts

Fig. 11. Typical images of S-shaped double-curvature special-shaped parts

Fig. 12. Arc heights of S-shaped double-curvature special-shaped parts with different thickness plates versus laser energy. (a) d1=1 mm, shock zone A; (b) d1=1 mm, shock zone B; (c) d2=2 mm, d3=3 mm, shock zone A; (d) d2=2 mm, d3=3 mm, shock zone B

Fig. 13. Effect of shock area on arc heights of S-shaped double-curvature special-shaped parts in different zones. (a) Shock zone A; (b) shock zone B

Fig. 14. Effect of coverage rate on arc heights of S-shaped double-curvature special-shaped parts in different zones. (a) Shock zone A; (b) shock zone B

Fig. 15. Schematic of three-dimensional distortion part formed by laser peen forming

Fig. 16. Three-dimensional distortion part formed by laser peen forming