Fig. 1. Construction and applications of optoelectronic integrated lab-on-chip^{[10,14-15,19-20]}

Fig. 2. Basic principles of on-chip super-resolution microscopy techniques. (a) Schematic diagram of imaging principle and device for Fourier ptychographic microscopy^[41]; (b) schematic diagram of structured light illumination technology imaging principle^[42]; (c) frequency domain detection range of the spatial spectrum translation method^[18]

Fig. 3. Progress of fluorescent (labeled) on-chip super-resolution microscopy techniques. (a) cSIM model and experimental results^[43]; (b) optimized cSIM model^[44]; (c) intensity fluctuation-based super-resolution microscopy imaging result using a photonic chip^[45]; (d) polymer waveguide chip model and experimental results^[46]

Fig. 4. Progress of compatible labeled and label-free on-chip super-resolution microscopy techniques. (a) Principle and imaging results of NWRIM^[21]; (b) principle and imaging results of polymer fluorescence thin film photonic chip^[26]; (c) schematic diagram and results of TVSFS super-resolution imaging^[27]

Fig. 5. Characterization of neurons and their subcellular structures by on-chip super/high-resolution microscopy techniques. (a) Directions of microtubules at different locations of the neurons by motor-point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (PAINT) (scale bar is 1 μm)^[38]; (b) long-term imaging results of dendritic spines in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons by two-photon STED, from left to right is result in day 0, day 2, and day 4, respectively (scale bar is 500 nm)^[47]; (c) SIM imaging results of the endoplasmic reticulum in hippocampal neurons (scale bar is 20 μm)^[48]; (d) platinum replica electron microscopy imaging results combined correlative light and electron microscopy and STORM (from left to right, the scale bar is 2.0, 1.0, 0.2 μm, respectively)^[49]

Fig. 6. Progress of MEA technologies. (a) Photographs of ITO/TiN meterials; (b) design of the first G-MEAs^[54]; (c) microelectrode and wiring design of G-MEAs (scale bar is 100 µm)^[55]

Fig. 7. Development of microfluidic technology in neuroscience. (a) Schematic diagram of the manufacturing process for neuronal chambers in microfluidics^[72]; (b) schematic diagram of the microfluidic and MEA designs, and neuronal growth results^[73]

Fig. 8. Researches of growth-differentiation-maturation of the nervous system. (a) Schematic diagram of lab-on-chip, and differentiation and maturation of induced neural stem cells-derived neural cells in the microfluidic electrode array chip^[10]; (b) neurite growth in PC12 cells induced by NGF, bFGF, and cAMP^[75]

Fig. 9. Researches of optoelectronic stimulation for neurodegenerative diseases. (a) Neural circuit light stimulation new multimodal platform and separation results of neuronal cell body and axon^[19]; (b) experimental results of lab-on-chip combining 4D-SIM with G-MEAs^[14]; (c) system and neuronal imaging results under wide field^[56]

Fig. 10. Functional researches of neural networks. (a) Construction of the neural network in the system^[15]; (b) recording of the neural network constructed on the chip at subcellular resolution^[76]

Fig. 11. Future development directions of optoelectronic integrated lab-on-chip^[77-79]