The optoelectronic integrated lab-on-chip overcomes the limitations of traditional optoelectronic technologies, providing new research tools for exploring the mechanisms of neurological diseases, neural repair, and neural network intelligent computing. To better promote neuroscience research based on the optoelectronic integrated lab-on-chip, the paper provides an overview of the technological development for optoelectronic integrated lab-on-chip and offers a comprehensive comparative analysis of the technical details. Furthermore, it discusses the applications of the optoelectronic integrated lab-on-chip in the research of neural system growth-differentiation-maturation, optoelectronic stimulation of neurodegenerative diseases, and functional regulation of neural networks, confirming the reliability and advanced nature of the platform in neuroscience research. Finally, this paper summarizes the current challenges in research and prospects future research directions.