[1] National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences et al[M]. Toward precision medicine: building a knowledge network for biomedical research and a new taxonomy of disease(2011).

[2] Collins F S, Varmus H. A new initiative on precision medicine[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 793-795(2015).

[3] Schliwa M, Woehlke G. Molecular motors[J]. Nature, 422, 759-765(2003).

[4] Jékely G, Colombelli J, Hausen H et al. Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton[J]. Nature, 456, 395-399(2008).

[5] Li J X, de Ávila B E, Gao W et al. Micro/nanorobots for biomedicine: delivery, surgery, sensing, and detoxification[J]. Science Robotics, 2, eaam6431(2017).

[6] Lee T C, Alarcón-Correa M, Miksch C et al. Self-propelling nanomotors in the presence of strong Brownian forces[J]. Nano Letters, 14, 2407-2412(2014).

[7] Yamamoto D, Shioi A. Self-propelled nano/micromotors with a chemical reaction: underlying physics and strategies of motion control[J]. KONA Powder and Particle Journal, 32, 2-22(2015).

[8] Dong Y, Wang L, Iacovacci V et al. Magnetic helical micro-/nanomachines: recent progress and perspective[J]. Matter, 5, 77-109(2022).

[9] Amara S, Abdelmelek H, Salem M B et al. Effects of static magnetic field exposure on hematological and biochemical parameters in rats[J]. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 49, 889-895(2006).

[10] Atkinson I C, Renteria L, Burd H et al. Safety of human MRI at static fields above the FDA 8 T guideline: sodium imaging at 9.4 T does not affect vital signs or cognitive ability[J]. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 26, 1222-1227(2007).

[11] Xu T L, Xu L P, Zhang X J. Ultrasound propulsion of micro-/nanomotors[J]. Applied Materials Today, 9, 493-503(2017).

[12] Xu T L, Gao W, Xu L P et al. Fuel-free synthetic micro-/nanomachines[J]. Advanced Materials, 29, 1603250(2017).

[13] Zhan Z H, Wei F N, Zheng J H et al. Recent advances of light-driven micro/nanomotors: toward powerful thrust and precise control[J]. Nanotechnology Reviews, 7, 555-581(2018).

[14] Wang J Z, Xiong Z, Zheng J et al. Light-driven micro/nanomotor for promising biomedical tools: principle, challenge, and prospect[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 51, 1957-1965(2018).

[15] Xiao Y Q, Shi Y, Li B J et al. Cell manipulation and neuron regulation based on tapered optical fiber tweezers[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 50, 1507302(2023).

[16] Purcell E M. Life at low Reynolds number[M]. Physics and our world: reissue of the proceedings of a symposium in honor of Victor F Weisskopf(2014).

[17] Ashkin A, Dziedzic J M, Bjorkholm J E et al. Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles[J]. Optics Letters, 11, 288-290(1986).

[18] Xin H B, Li Y C, Liu Y C et al. Optical forces: from fundamental to biological applications[J]. Advanced Materials, 32, e2001994(2020).

[19] Xin H B, Zhao N, Wang Y N et al. Optically controlled living micromotors for the manipulation and disruption of biological targets[J]. Nano Letters, 20, 7177-7185(2020).

[20] Pan T, Shi Y, Zhao N et al. Bio-micromotor tweezers for noninvasive bio-cargo delivery and precise therapy[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 32, 2111038(2022).

[21] Hsu H Y, Ohta A T, Chiou P Y et al. Phototransistor-based optoelectronic tweezers for dynamic cell manipulation in cell culture media[J]. Lab on a Chip, 10, 165-172(2010).

[22] Liang S Z, Sun J Y, Zhang C N et al. Parallel manipulation and flexible assembly of micro-spiral via optoelectronic tweezers[J]. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10, 868821(2022).

[23] Zhang S L, Scott E Y, Singh J et al. The optoelectronic microrobot: a versatile toolbox for micromanipulation[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 14823-14828(2019).

[24] Zhang S L, Xu B R, Elsayed M et al. Optoelectronic tweezers: a versatile toolbox for nano-/micro-manipulation[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 51, 9203-9242(2022).

[25] Chen F Y, Li B, Wang J et al. Trapping characteristics of optical tweezers in deep-sea environment[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 53, 0214001(2024).

[26] Jékely G. Evolution of phototaxis[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 2795-2808(2009).

[27] Akolpoglu M B, Dogan N O, Bozuyuk U et al. High-yield production of biohybrid microalgae for on-demand cargo delivery[J]. Advanced Science, 7, 2001256(2020).

[28] Xiong J Y, Li X, He Z Y et al. Light-controlled soft bio-microrobot[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 13, 55(2024).

[29] Inda-Webb M E, Jimenez M, Liu Q et al. Sub-1.4 cm3 capsule for detecting labile inflammatory biomarkers in situ[J]. Nature, 620, 386-392(2023).

[30] Li J, Zhang W, Ji W H et al. Near infrared photothermal conversion materials: mechanism, preparation, and photothermal cancer therapy applications[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 9, 7909-7926(2021).

[31] Zhang C Y, Ge S K, Zhang Z L. Plasmonic photothermal-regulated structure of nanomaterials (invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica (Online), 2, 1109001(2025).

[32] Liu T Y, Yan M, Zhou S et al. Site-selective superassembly of a multilevel asymmetric nanomotor with wavelength-modulated propulsion mechanisms[J]. ACS Nano, 17, 14871-14882(2023).

[33] Xuan M J, Wu Z G, Shao J X et al. Near infrared light-powered Janus mesoporous silica nanoparticle motors[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 138, 6492-6497(2016).

[34] Hu Y, Liu W, Sun Y. Multiwavelength phototactic micromotor with controllable swarming motion for “chemistry-on-the-fly[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, 41495-41505(2020).

[35] Maggi C, Saglimbeni F, Dipalo M et al. Micromotors with asymmetric shape that efficiently convert light into work by thermocapillary effects[J]. Nature Communications, 6, 7855(2015).

[36] Li Z, Qian W N, Wei S M et al. Application of photothermal conversion nanomaterials in tumor photothermal therapy[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 57, 170005(2020).

[37] Huang X H, El-Sayed I H, Qian W et al. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128, 2115-2120(2006).

[38] Bailon P, Won C Y. PEG-modified biopharmaceuticals[J]. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 6, 1-16(2009).

[39] Qiao Q Q, Liu Z R, Hu F et al. A novel Ce-Mn heterojunction-based multi-enzymatic nanozyme with cancer-specific enzymatic activity and photothermal capacity for efficient tumor combination therapy[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 35, 2414837(2025).

[40] Ge M Z, Li Q S, Cao C Y et al. One-dimensional TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts for solar water splitting[J]. Advanced Science, 4, 1600152(2016).

[41] Chen B, Liu L, Liu K et al. Photoelectrochemical TiO2-Au-nanowire-based motor for precise modulation of single-neuron activities[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 31, 2008667(2021).

[42] Dai B H, Wang J Z, Xiong Z et al. Programmable artificial phototactic microswimmer[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 11, 1087-1092(2016).

[43] Nematollahi R, Ghotbi C, Khorasheh F et al. Ni-Bi co-doped TiO2 as highly visible light response nano-photocatalyst for CO2 photo-reduction in a batch photo-reactor[J]. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 41, 101289(2020).

[44] Zhang Q L, Dong R F, Wu Y F et al. Light-driven Au-WO3@C Janus micromotors for rapid photodegradation of dye pollutants[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9, 4674-4683(2017).

[45] Li Y, Mou F Z, Chen C R et al. Light-controlled bubble propulsion of amorphous TiO2/Au Janus micromotors[J]. RSC Advances, 6, 10697-10703(2016).

[46] Ibele M, Mallouk T E, Sen A. Schooling behavior of light-powered autonomous micromotors in water[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed), 48, 3308-3312(2009).

[47] Ohm C, Brehmer M, Zentel R. Liquid crystalline elastomers as actuators and sensors[J]. Advanced Materials, 22, 3366-3387(2010).

[48] Lu X L, Guo S W, Tong X et al. Tunable photocontrolled motions using stored strain energy in malleable azobenzene liquid crystalline polymer actuators[J]. Advanced Materials, 29, 1606467(2017).

[49] Seo W, Haines C S, Kim H et al. Azobenzene-functionalized semicrystalline liquid crystal elastomer springs for underwater soft robotic actuators[J]. Small, 21, 2406493(2025).

[50] Gong F, Ren Y X. Advances in laser dual-trap optical tweezers in single-molecule biophysics[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 50, 1507402(2023).

[51] Xiong J Y, Shi Y, Pan T et al. Wake-riding effect-inspired opto-hydrodynamic diatombot for non-invasive trapping and removal of nano-biothreats[J]. Advanced Science, 10, e2301365(2023).

[52] Zhang T G, Ren H J, Qin H F et al. Light-armed nitric oxide-releasing micromotor in vivo[J]. Nano Letters, 24, 12452-12460(2024).

[53] Xu P, Yu Y Q, Li T et al. Near-infrared-driven fluorescent nanomotors for detection of circulating tumor cells in whole blood[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1129, 60-68(2020).

[54] Zhang T G, Wu S, Qin H F et al. An optically controlled virtual microsensor for biomarker detection in vivo[J]. Advanced Materials, 34, e2205760(2022).

[55] Li Y C, Liu X S, Xu X H et al. Red-blood-cell waveguide as a living biosensor and micromotor[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 29, 1905568(2019).

[56] Pardridge W M. Drug delivery to the brain[J]. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 17, 713-731(1997).

[57] Pugazhendhi A, Edison T N J I, Velmurugan B K et al. Toxicity of Doxorubicin (Dox) to different experimental organ systems[J]. Life Sciences, 200, 26-30(2018).

[58] Wang J H, Wu H L, Zhu X W et al. Ultrafast light-activated polymeric nanomotors[J]. Nature Communications, 15, 4878(2024).

[59] Shi Y, Wang D N, Xiao Y Q et al. Light-induced cold Marangoni flow for microswarm actuation: from intelligent behaviors to collective drug delivery[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 16, 2200533(2022).

[60] Wang Z H, Zeng X J, Huang W T et al. Bioactive nanomotor enabling efficient intestinal barrier penetration for colorectal cancer therapy[J]. Nature Communications, 16, 1678(2025).

[61] Zhang X P, Wu L H, Chen X H et al. Light-directed self-powered metal-organic framework based nanorobots for deep tumor penetration[J]. Advanced Materials, e2415121(2024).

[62] York P A, Peña R, Kent D et al. Microrobotic laser steering for minimally invasive surgery[J]. Science Robotics, 6, eabd5476(2021).

[63] Zhou M Y, Xing Y, Li X Y et al. Cancer cell membrane camouflaged semi-Yolk@Spiky-shell nanomotor for enhanced cell adhesion and synergistic therapy[J]. Small, 16, e2003834(2020).

[64] Wang Z Y, Yang Z Q, Li S et al. Light-directed microalgae micromotor with supramolecular backpacks for photodynamic therapy[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 35, 2411070(2025).

[65] Zhu G S, Xiong J Y, Li X et al. Neural stimulation and modulation with sub-cellular precision by optomechanical bio-dart[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 13, 258(2024).

[66] Wu T, Nieminen T A, Mohanty S et al. A photon-driven micromotor can direct nerve fibre growth[J]. Nature Photonics, 6, 62-67(2011).

[67] Feynman R. There’s plenty of room at the bottom[M]. Feynman and computation, 63-76(2018).

[68] Wang S H, Xu J, Zhou Q et al. Biodegradability of micro/nanomotors: challenges and opportunities[J]. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 10, e2100335(2021).

[69] Noreen S, Ma J X, Saeed M et al. Natural polysaccharide-based biodegradable polymeric platforms for transdermal drug delivery system: a critical analysis[J]. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 12, 2649-2666(2022).

[70] Yasa I C, Ceylan H, Bozuyuk U et al. Elucidating the interaction dynamics between microswimmer body and immune system for medical microrobots[J]. Science Robotics, 5, eaaz3867(2020).

[71] Li X, Zhong S H, Pan T et al. Light-powered phagocytic macrophage microrobot (phagobot): both in vitro and in vivo[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 202(2025).

[72] Fraire J C, Guix M, Hortelao A C et al. Light-triggered mechanical disruption of extracellular barriers by swarms of enzyme-powered nanomotors for enhanced delivery[J]. ACS Nano, 17, 7180-7193(2023).

[73] Gao C Y, Wang Y, Ye Z H et al. Biomedical micro-/nanomotors: from overcoming biological barriers to invivo imaging[J]. Advanced Materials, 33, e2000512(2021).

[74] Yang M Y, Guo X, Mou F Z et al. Lighting up micro-/ nanorobots with fluorescence[J]. Chemical Reviews, 123, 3944-3975(2023).

[75] Gao Y W, Li Y, Yan X S et al. NIR-II light-powered core-shell prodrug nanomotors enhance cancer therapy through synergistic oxidative stress-photothermo modulation[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 185, 396-409(2024).

[76] Liu M L, Tan H Z, Chen B B et al. Multifunctional nanomotors with aggregation-induced NIR-II emission and photothermal propulsion for deep tumor penetration and precise phototheranostics[J]. ACS Nano, 19, 21068-21082(2025).

[77] Cao Y, Pan S W, Yan M Y et al. Flexible and stretchable polymer optical fibers for chronic brain and vagus nerve optogenetic stimulations in free-behaving animals[J]. BMC Biology, 19, 252(2021).

[78] Chen P, Dang Y T, Zhong H et al. Single-fiber optical tweezer based on coexistence of LP01 and LP11 modes for multiplexed capture and manipulation of biological cells[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 0406004(2023).

[79] Liu Z H, Lu X Y, Villette V et al. Sustained deep-tissue voltage recording using a fast indicator evolved for two-photon microscopy[J]. Cell, 185, 3408-3425(2022).

[80] Yu T T, Zhu J T, Li D Y et al. Physical and chemical mechanisms of tissue optical clearing[J]. iScience, 24, 102178(2021).

[81] Sun J W, Kuschmierz R, Katz O et al. Lensless fiber endomicroscopy in biomedicine[J]. PhotoniX, 5, 18(2024).

[82] Sun J W, Wu J C, Wu S et al. Quantitative phase imaging through an ultra-thin lensless fiber endoscope[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 204(2022).

[83] Cheng Q L, Lu X Q, Tai Y H et al. Light-driven microrobots for targeted drug delivery[J]. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 10, 5562-5594(2024).

[84] Sitti M, Wiersma D S. Pros and cons: magnetic versus optical microrobots[J]. Advanced Materials, 32, 1906766(2020).

[85] Zhou Y, Ye M, Hu C Z et al. Stimuli-responsive functional micro-/nanorobots: a review[J]. ACS Nano, 17, 15254-15276(2023).

[86] Sun Z L, Hou Y L. Intelligent micro/nanorobots for improved tumor therapy[J]. BMEMat, 1, e12012(2023).

[87] Sun J W, Yang B, Koukourakis N et al. AI-driven projection tomography with multicore fibre-optic cell rotation[J]. Nature Communications, 15, 147(2024).

[88] Sun J W, Chen Z Q, Zhao B et al. Advances in deep learning based fiber optic imaging (invited)[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 61, 1611004(2024).

[89] Mulvana H, Stride E, Tang M X et al. Temperature-dependent differences in the nonlinear acoustic behavior of ultrasound contrast agents revealed by high-speed imaging and bulk acoustics[J]. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 37, 1509-1517(2011).

[90] Thomsen S, Pearce J A. Thermal damage and rate processes in biologic tissues[M]. Optical-thermal response of laser-irradiated tissue, 487-549(2010).