Fig. 1. Fitting results of spatiotemporal variation model of atmospheric temperature. (a) Temperature varies with latitude; (b) temperature varies with date

Fig. 2. Pressure distribution model

Fig. 3. Earth density grid zoning map

Fig. 4. Fitting results of spatiotemporal variation model of atmospheric density. (a) Density varies with latitude; (b) density varies with date

Fig. 5. Starlight transmission in spherical coordinate system

Fig. 6. Starlight refraction trajectory

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of refraction stratification of starlight atmosphere

Fig. 8. Selecting atmospheric parameter data for different grid points

Fig. 9. Refraction angle varies with height at different time and latitudes. (a) 00.00 UTC, January 15; (b) 00.00 UTC, July 15

Fig. 10. Visual heights calculated by traditional starlight atmospheric refraction model and starlight atmospheric spatiotemporal variation refraction model. (a) Mid January; (b) mid July