Fig. 1. Double-layer micro thermal lens^[39]. (a) Micro thermal lens experimental setup; (b) working principle of micro thermal lens; (c) focusing results obtained by modulating pump laser power; (d)‒(f) microscopic imaging results of micro thermal lens under different pump powers

Fig. 2. Optofluidic tunable lens^[44]. (a) Working principle of optofluidic tunable lens; (b) beam focusing state under different pump laser powers

Fig. 3. Multi-plane imaging of macroscopic objects using thermal lens^[52]. (a) Working principle of multi-plane imaging system; (b) imaging performance of system at different object distances; (c) MTF curves of imaging system

Fig. 4. Multi-focal infinity-corrected microscope^[54]. (a) Schematic of dual-focal microscope optical path; (b) simulation curves of magnification versus thermal lens position; (c) experimental results of multi-plane microscopic imaging

Fig. 5. Generation of Bessel beam using thermal nonlinear optical effect^[57]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) self-reconstruction phenomenon of Bessel beam

Fig. 6. Design model of micro-heater^[62]. (a) Joule power distribution diagram P₀ generated by resistance spiral electrification; (b) convolution of P₀ with thermal Green's function G_T to calculate temperature map ΔT at z = 0; (c) convolution of P with the Green's function G_δ for OPD to calculate accumulated thermally-induced optical path difference δ when incident plane wave propagates through PDMS layer; (d) reverse solving and accurately determining the optimal resistance spiral design for generating the target wavefront through genetic algorithm

Fig. 7. Working principle diagrams of electrically reconfigurable intelligent lens^[65]. (a) Intelligent lens structure diagram; (b) optical reflection image; (c) transmission spectra (red curve); (d) measured thermal response ΔT and optical path difference δ

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of tunable optofluidic microlens^[71]. (a) Three-dimensional design drawing of lens; (b) lens cross-sectional view; (c) utilizing the Joule effect to generate pressure drive on chips; (d) schematic diagram of three-dimensional helical microchannels; (e) at high temperature, volume of air expands, and liquid in spiral channel enters liquid chamber, eventually causing membrane to deform

Fig. 9. Tunable optofluidic microlens imaging experiment^[71]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) comparison of imaging effects before and after microlens switching

Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of optofluidic droplet lens structure ^[72]. (a) Structure of 3D printed microfluidic chip; (b) structure of air and optofluidic fields; (c) design of optofluidic droplet lens

Fig. 11. Droplet lens imaging experiment ^[72]. (a) Experimental setup; (b)‒(i) shape and imaging effect of droplet lenses under different drive voltages and frequencies during heating cycle (dashed circle in the figure indicates the position of liquid/gas interface)

Fig. 12. Multi-plane imaging with microlens arrays^[62]. (a) Axial chromatic aberration test results of diverging lenses under different voltages; (b) microscopic refocusing test effects of microlens on the USAF 1951 resolution test target; (c) schematic diagram of multi-plane imaging experimental setup; (d) multi-plane imaging effects when microlens are turned off; (e) multi-plane imaging effects of microlens under different voltages

Fig. 13. Independent control of Zernike modes enabled by electrically reconfigurable intelligent lens^[65]

Fig. 14. Generation of tunable annular beams and Bessel-Gaussian beams^[62]. (a) Intensity profiles of annular beams under different voltages; (b) schematic of annular beam generation setup; (c) schematic of Bessel-Gaussian beam generation setup; (d) Bessel-Gaussian beam patterns generated under different voltages; (e) Bessel-Gaussian beam in the x-y section at 8.0 V; (f) normalized intensity profiles of Bessel-Gaussian beams at focal plane under different voltages

Fig. 15. Working principle diagrams of various optical devices. (a) Traditional optical devices; (b) laser-driven thermally tunable optical devices; (c) electrical-driven thermally tunable optical devices