Review of Key Technologies and Application Prospects for Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (Invited)

Table 1. Typical values of $a (λ)$ , $b (λ)$ , $c (λ)$ for different water types^[9]
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Table 1. Typical values of $a (λ)$ , $b (λ)$ , $c (λ)$ for different water types^[9]
Water type $a (λ)$ $b (λ)$ $c (λ)$
Pure sea water 0.041 0.003 0.044
Clear ocean water 0.114 0.037 0.151
Coastal ocean water 0.179 0.219 0.398
Turbid harbor water 0.366 1.824 2.190

Table 2. Literature summary on UOWC modulation schemes^[4]

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Table 2. Literature summary on UOWC modulation schemes^[4]

Modulation	Reference	Advantage	Disadvantage
OOK	[65‒67]	Simple and low cost	Low energy and bandwidth efficiencies
PAM	[68]	High bandwidth efficiency	Complex demodulation
PPM	[69‒71,73]	High energy efficiency	Low bandwidth efficiency and high requirement on timing
DPIM	[72‒73]	High bandwidth efficiency	Complex demodulation and error propagation
PWM	[4, 9]	High bandwidth efficiency and strong resistance to ISI	High power consumption
QAM	[74‒75]	High bandwidth efficiency	Complex demodulation
OFDM	[78‒79]	Strong resistance to ISI	High implementation complexity
QPSK	[81]	High tolerance to noise	Complex receiver and high requirement on phase synchronization

Table 3. Literature summary on UOWC channel coding schemes^[4]

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Table 3. Literature summary on UOWC channel coding schemes^[4]

Channel code	Reference	Advantage	Disadvantage
RS	［82‒85］	Simple encoder and decoder	Limited error-correction ability at low SNR
BCH	［86‒87］	Simple encoder and decoder	Limited error-correction ability at low SNR
CRC	［88］	Simple error detector	No error-correction ability
LT	［89］	No fixed code rate and low packet-loss rate	High implementation complexity
LDPC	［90‒92］	Strong error-correction ability	Complex encoder and decoder
Turbo	［95］	Strong error-correction ability	Complex encoder and decoder

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Nuo Huang, Weijie Liu, Zhengyuan Xu. Review of Key Technologies and Application Prospects for Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2025, 45(13): 1306018

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