Fig. 1. Mechanism of laser rust removal

Fig. 2. Laser cleaning grid model

Fig. 3. Evolution of laser cleaning temperature field and isotherm during laser cleaning (P=1000 W, D=800 μm, V=0)

Fig. 4. Transverse and longitudinal temperature field changes during laser cleaning

Fig. 5. Evolution of the depth and width during laser cleaning (P=1000 W, D=400 μm, V=0)

Fig. 6. Cleaning evolution process at different peak power densities. (a) 1.99×10⁶ W/cm²; (b) 9.95×10⁶ W/cm²; (c) 1.39×10⁷ W/cm²; (d) 1.79×10⁷ W/cm²; (e) 5.97×10⁷ W/cm²; (f) 1.59×10⁸ W/cm²

Fig. 7. Temperature and depth variations at different peak power densities

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of laser spot lap

Fig. 9. Abroation temperature depths and lap morphology changes at different scanning speeds. (a) 300 mm/s; (b) 500 mm/s; (c) 700 mm/s; (d) 900 mm/s; (e) 1100 mm/s; (f) 1300 mm/s

Fig. 10. Temperature and depth changes at different laser scanning speeds

Fig. 11. Field experimental devices and effect of different areas of lining plate before and after cleaning. (a)‒(b) Field experimental device; (c)‒(d) effect of different areas of lining plate before and after cleaning

Fig. 12. SEM at different lap rates with a peak power density of 6.0×10⁷ W/cm². (a) 50%; (b) 60%; (c) 70%; (d) 80%

Fig. 13. Surface roughness after different peak power densities' cleaning with a lap rate of 70%

Fig. 14. Simulation and experiment comparison of temperature and depth changes at different laser peak power densities