Fig. 1. Finite element model of single-pass coating fusion

Fig. 2. Microscopic images of mixed powders and coating. (a) Mixed powders; (b) composite coating

Fig. 3. Internal heat generation rate curve of a coating unit

Fig. 4. RVE model of Al₂O₃-Fe coating material

Fig. 5. Parametric curves of material properties. (a) TC4 titanium alloy; (b) composite coating

Fig. 6. Experimental equipment

Fig. 7. Stress distribution cloud map after 3000 s after cladding

Fig. 8. Linear stress analysis path

Fig. 9. Linear stress distribution curve in each direction

Fig. 10. Stress clouds and linear stress comparison at different laser powers. (a) Equivalent stress cloud; (b) linear stress curves

Fig. 11. Comparison of stress clouds and linear stresses at different scanning speeds. (a) Equivalent stress cloud; (b) linear stress curves

Fig. 12. Coating morphology and cracking defects at 300 W and 5 mm/s

Fig. 13. Coating morphology and cracking defects at 600 W and 5 mm/s

Fig. 14. Coating morphology and cracking defects at 900 W and 5 mm/s

Fig. 15. Coating morphology and cracking defects at 600 W and 2 mm/s

Fig. 16. Coating morphology and cracking defects (a large number of fine cracks are present) at 600 W and 8 mm/s