Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of typical semiconductor laser dynamic models. (a) Optical feedback semiconductor laser; (b) optical injection semiconductor laser; (c) optical cross-coupling semiconductor laser

Fig. 2. Typical optical computing schemes based on nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers

Fig. 3. Schematic diagrams of RC based on semiconductor lasers. (a) Conventional parallel reservoir; (b) serial time-delay reservoir; (c) scheme of serial reservoir using a semiconductor laser; (d) output intensity phase diagram of the RL in different parameter spaces^[29]

Fig. 4. Photonic SNN based on semiconductor lasers. (a) Working principle of a spiking neuron; (b) schematic diagram of a semiconductor laser acting as a spiking neuron; (c) schematic diagram of a photonic SNN based on semiconductor lasers

Fig. 5. Optical Ising machines based on semiconductor lasers. (a) Mapping between the Ising model and a combinatorial optimization problem; (b) an optical Ising machine based on an injection-locked laser system; (c) evolution of two polarized photons for a semiconductor laser

Fig. 6. Optical reinforcement learning machines based on semiconductor lasers. (a) Schematic diagram of the reinforcement learning architecture; (b) principle of implementing reinforcement learning with a multimode laser^[73]; (c) schematic diagram of a reinforcement learning system based on a semiconductor laser^[73]